Shifting surface
satellite imagery of the Arctic Sea ice and climate change discourse
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-7714.no.2020.171993Palabras clave:
Climate change communication, Environmental visuality, Arctic Sea ice, Visual discourse analysisResumen
This research explores how satellite images of Arctic sea ice contribute to climate change discourse. Different discourses require distinct responses. Policy measures are contingent upon representation, be it i.e. a threat or opportunity. The representations discussed are by the NSIDC and NASA, which hold a visual hegemony. First, the introduction discusses visual studies in policy research and identifies a simplified dichotomy of a threat discourse and environmental citizenship. Moreover, the methodology of visual discourse analysis based on poststructuralism is described. The delineated images portray a vertical, planar view allowing for spatial reference. Arctic sea ice is a visible climate change effect and the absence of boundaries, intervisuality with the Earthrise icon and focus on environmental effects support a discourse of citizenship.
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Referencias
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DELOUGHREY, E. Satellite Planetarity and the Ends of the Earth. Public Culture, vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 257-280, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2392057
DOBSON, A. Citizenship and the Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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DOYLE, J. (2007) Picturing the Clima(c)tic: Greenpeace and the Representational Politics of Climate Change Communication. Science as Culture, vol 16, n. 2, pp. 129-150, 18/jun/2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09505430701368938
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HANSEN, L. (2011) Theorizing the Image for Security Studies: Visual Securitization and the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis. European Journal of International Relations, vol, 17, n.1, pp. 51-74, 19/jan/2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110388593
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O'NEILL, S.; NICHOLSON. S. ‘Fear Won't Do it': Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations. Science Communication: vol. 30, n. 3, pp. 355-379, 2009, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008329201
PAINTER, J. Climate Change in Media: Reporting Risk and Uncertainty. Londres: Tauris, 2013.
PERKINS, C.; DODGE, M. Satellite Imagery and the Spectacle of Secret Places. Geoforum, vol. 40, n. 4, pp. 546-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.012
ROSE, G. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 3ª Ed. Londres: Sage Publications, 2012.
ROTHE, D. Seeing Like a Satellite: Of Plants, Carbon and other Securitizing Actors., PAN-EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WORLDS OF VIOLENCE, Giardini Naxos, Sicily, 23-26/set/2015. Proceedings. European International Studies Association.
SCHINDLER, T. T. Visualization Shows Rapid Decline of Arctic Sea Ice. NASA: Global Climate Change News. 14/jan/2015. Disponível em: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2220/visualization-shows-rapid-decline-of-arctic-sea-ice/.
SCHNEIDER, B.; NOCKE, T. (org) Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2014.
SCOTT, M. (2012) Tracking Sea Ice at the Top of the Globe. NASA Earth Observatory (Blog). Publicado em 17/set/2012. Disponível em: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2012/09/17/tracking-sea
-ice-at-the-top-of-the-globe/
SHAPIRO, M. Studies in Trans-Disciplinary Method: After the Aesthetic Turn. London, Nova York: Routledge, 2013.
SHEPPARD, S. Visualizing Climate Change: A Guide to Visual Communication of Climate Change and Developing Local Solutions. Nova York: Routledge, 2012.
SHIM, D. (2014). Remote Sensing Place: Satellite Images as Visual Spatial Imaginaries. Geoforum,vol. 51, pp. 152-160, jan/2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.11.002
SWYNGEDOUW, E. (2010) Apocalypse Forever? Post-political Populism and the Spectre of Climate Change. Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 27, n. 2-3, pp. 213-232, 24/mai/2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409358728
SZERSZYNSKI, B.; TOOGOOD, M. Global Citizenship, the Environment and the Media. In: ALLAN, S.; ADAM, B.; CARTER, C. (org). Environmental Risks and the Media. London: Routledge, 2000.
SZERSZYNSKI, B.; URRY, J. Visuality, Mobility and the Cosmopolitan: Inhabiting the World From Afar. The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 57, n. 1, pp. 113-131, mar/2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00096.x
TOLLMANN, V. (2014) The Uncanny Polar Bear: Activists Visually Attack an Overly Emotionalized Image Clone. In: SCHNEIDER, B.; NOCKE, T. (org) Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2014, pp. 249-273.
BECK, U. The Cosmopolitan Vision. Translated by C. Cronin. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
BECK, U. World at Risk. Translated by C. Cronin. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
BLEIKER, R. The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory. Millenium, vol. 30, n.3, pp. 509-534, 01/dez/2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298010300031001
CAMPBELL, D. Tele-Vision: Satellites and Security. Source, vol. 56, pp. 16-23, 2008. Disponível em: https://www.david-campbell.org/wp-content/documents/Tele_Vision.pdf
CARRUTH, A.; MARZEC, R. Environmental Visualization in the Anthropocene: Technologies, Aesthetics, Ethics. Public Culture, vol. 26, n.2, pp. 205-212, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2392030
COPERNICUS: Arctic Sea Ice, ESA Animations 2013 [S.I.: s.n.]. mar/2014. 1 vídeo (1 min). Publicado por European Space Agency (ESA). Disponível em: http://www.esa.int/esatv/Videos/2014/03/Copernicus/Arctic_sea_ice_ESA_animations_2013.
COSGROVE, D. Apollo's Eye: A Cartographic Genealogy of the Earth in the Western Imagination. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2001.
DELOUGHREY, E. Satellite Planetarity and the Ends of the Earth. Public Culture, vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 257-280, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2392057
DOBSON, A. Citizenship and the Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
DODGE, M.; PERKINS, C. The 'View From Nowhere' Spatial Politics and Cultural Significance of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery. Geoforum, vol. 40, n. 4, pp. 497-501, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.011
DOYLE, J. (2007) Picturing the Clima(c)tic: Greenpeace and the Representational Politics of Climate Change Communication. Science as Culture, vol 16, n. 2, pp. 129-150, 18/jun/2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09505430701368938
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Copernicus: Monitoring Climate Change in the Arctic. Autor: 2013. Disponível em: www.copernicus.eu/Copernicus_Brief_Issue9_ArcticIce_Sep2013.pdf.
HANSEN, L. (2011) Theorizing the Image for Security Studies: Visual Securitization and the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis. European Journal of International Relations, vol, 17, n.1, pp. 51-74, 19/jan/2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110388593
HANSEN, A.; MACHIN, D. Visually Branding the Environment: Climate Change as a Marketing Opportunity. Discourse Studies, vol. 10, n. 6, pp. 777-794. 01/dez/2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445608098200
IPCC. Climate Change: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (editado por Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri e L.A. Meyer). Genebra: IPCC, 2014.
KLEIN, N. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs The Climate. Nova York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.
LEOPOLD, A. A Sand County Almanac. Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968
LESTER, L.; COTTLE, S. (2009) Visualizing Climate Change: Television News and Ecological Citizenship. International Journal of Communication, vol. 3, pp. 920-936, 2009. Disponível em: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/509
MANZO, K. Imaging Vulnerability: The Iconography of Climate Change. Area vol. 42, n. 1, pp. 96-107, mar/2010(a). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2009.00887.x
MANZO, K. (2010b) Beyond Polar Bears? Re-Envisioning Climate Change. Meteorological Applications vol. 17, pp. 196-208, 17/jun/2010(b). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/met.193
MAHONY, M.; HULME, M. Risk Colours. In: BIRGIT, S.; NOCKE, T. (org). Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2014, pp. 105-126.
OECD. Space Technologies and Climate Change: Implications for Water Management, Marine Resources and Maritime Transport. Paris: OECD Publications, 2008.
O'NEILL, S. J.; HULME, M. An Iconic Approach for Representing Climate Change. Global Environmental Change, vol. 19, n.4, pp. 402-410, out/2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.07.004
O'NEILL, S.; NICHOLSON. S. ‘Fear Won't Do it': Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations. Science Communication: vol. 30, n. 3, pp. 355-379, 2009, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547008329201
PAINTER, J. Climate Change in Media: Reporting Risk and Uncertainty. Londres: Tauris, 2013.
PERKINS, C.; DODGE, M. Satellite Imagery and the Spectacle of Secret Places. Geoforum, vol. 40, n. 4, pp. 546-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.012
ROSE, G. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 3ª Ed. Londres: Sage Publications, 2012.
ROTHE, D. Seeing Like a Satellite: Of Plants, Carbon and other Securitizing Actors., PAN-EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WORLDS OF VIOLENCE, Giardini Naxos, Sicily, 23-26/set/2015. Proceedings. European International Studies Association.
SCHINDLER, T. T. Visualization Shows Rapid Decline of Arctic Sea Ice. NASA: Global Climate Change News. 14/jan/2015. Disponível em: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2220/visualization-shows-rapid-decline-of-arctic-sea-ice/.
SCHNEIDER, B.; NOCKE, T. (org) Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2014.
SCOTT, M. (2012) Tracking Sea Ice at the Top of the Globe. NASA Earth Observatory (Blog). Publicado em 17/set/2012. Disponível em: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2012/09/17/tracking-sea
-ice-at-the-top-of-the-globe/
SHAPIRO, M. Studies in Trans-Disciplinary Method: After the Aesthetic Turn. London, Nova York: Routledge, 2013.
SHEPPARD, S. Visualizing Climate Change: A Guide to Visual Communication of Climate Change and Developing Local Solutions. Nova York: Routledge, 2012.
SHIM, D. (2014). Remote Sensing Place: Satellite Images as Visual Spatial Imaginaries. Geoforum,vol. 51, pp. 152-160, jan/2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.11.002
SWYNGEDOUW, E. (2010) Apocalypse Forever? Post-political Populism and the Spectre of Climate Change. Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 27, n. 2-3, pp. 213-232, 24/mai/2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409358728
SZERSZYNSKI, B.; TOOGOOD, M. Global Citizenship, the Environment and the Media. In: ALLAN, S.; ADAM, B.; CARTER, C. (org). Environmental Risks and the Media. London: Routledge, 2000.
SZERSZYNSKI, B.; URRY, J. Visuality, Mobility and the Cosmopolitan: Inhabiting the World From Afar. The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 57, n. 1, pp. 113-131, mar/2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00096.x
TOLLMANN, V. (2014) The Uncanny Polar Bear: Activists Visually Attack an Overly Emotionalized Image Clone. In: SCHNEIDER, B.; NOCKE, T. (org) Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2014, pp. 249-273.
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2020-07-09
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Shifting surface: satellite imagery of the Arctic Sea ice and climate change discourse. (2020). Novos Olhares, 9(1), 98-113. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-7714.no.2020.171993
