Wave climate trends and breakpoints during the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in southern Brazil

Authors

  • Natan Zambroni Maia
  • Luis Pedro Almeida
  • Leonardo Emmendorfer
  • João Luiz Nicolodi
  • Lauro Calliari

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/

Keywords:

Wave hindcast, ERA-5 reanalysis data, Western South Atlantic Ocean, Wave energy flux, Climate indices

Abstract

Understanding how wave climate variability and its trends change over time are crucial analyses required to mitigate potential wave-induced impacts and adapt coastal areas to such effects. The long-term trends and breakpoints of the wave energy flux (WEF) and its relationship with teleconnection patterns in southern Brazil were studied using ERA-5 wave reanalysis with validation using a waverider. We determined that the interannual mean WEF (WEFm) and extreme WEF (WEF98) that reaches the southern Brazil have increased over the past four decades, with a increment of 0.063 and 0.17 kW/m/year, respectively 0.63 and 0.29% per year. By the Muggeo method we determined that subperiods with increasing WEFm trends are related to the SSE and SSW quadrants and that these are also the most energetic ones and with the highest annual increment rates of WEFm and WEF98. Our results also suggest that the positive trends observed in interannual WEF values are likely related to the long term transition of cold to warm Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phase in the western South Atlantic Ocean. From a coastal risk perspective, it is important to understand the relationship between climatic indices and the wave climate to support long-term coastal management policies.

References

ALEXANDER, M. A., KILBOURNE, K. H. & NYE, J. A. 2014. Climate variability during warm and cold phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) 1871-2008. Journal of Marine Systems, 133, 14-26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.07.017

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.07.017

ALHEIT, J., LICANDRO, P., COOMBS, S., GARCIA, A., GIRÁLDEZ, A., SANTAMARÍA, M. T. G., SLOTTE, A. & TSIKLIRAS, A. C. 2014. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) modulates dynamics of small pelagic fshes and ecosystem regime shifts in the eastern North and Central Atlantic. Journal of Marine Systems, 133, 88-102, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.02.005

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.02.005

ALMEIDA, L. P., FERREIRA, Ó., VOUSDOUKAS, M. I. & DODET, G. 2011. Historical variation and trends in storminess along the Portuguese South Coast. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 11(9), 2407-2417, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2407-2011

» https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2407-2011

ANTOLÍNEZ, J. A. A., MENDEZ, F. J., CAMUS, P., VITOUSEK, S., GONZÁLEZ, E. M., RUGGIERO, P. & BARNARD, P. 2016. A multiscale climate emulator for long-term morphodynamics (MUSCLE- morpho). Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 121(1), 775-791, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011107

» https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011107

BABANIN, A. V., ROGERS, W. E., CAMARGO, R., DOBLE, M., DURRANT, T., FILCHUCK, K., EWANS, K., HEMER, M., JANSSEN, T., KELLY-GERREYN, B., MACHUTCHON, K., MCCOMB, P., QIAO, F., SCHULZ, E., SKVORTSOV, A., VICHI, M., VIOLANTE-CARVALHO, N., WANG, D., WASEDA, T., WILLIAMNS, G. & YOUNG, I. R. 2019. Waves and swells in high wind and extreme fetches, measurements in the southern ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 361, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00361

» https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00361

BENGTSSON, L., HODGES, K. & ROECKNER, E. 2006. Storm tracks and climate change. Journal of Climate, 19, 3518-3543.

BIASTOCH, A., DURGADOO, J. V., MORRISON, A. K., VAN SEBILLE, E., WEIJER, W. & GRIFFIES, S. M. 2015. Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation covaries with Agulhas leakage. Nature Communications, 6, 10082, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10082

» https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10082

BISCHOFF, S. 2005. Sudestadas. In: BARROS, V., MENÉNDEZ, Α. & NAGY, G. (eds.). El Cambio Climatico en el Rio de la Plata Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 53-67.

CALLIARI, L. J. & KLEIN, A. H. F. 1993. Características morfodinâmicas e sedimentológicas das praias oceânicas entre Rio Grande e Chuí, RS. Pesquisas em Geociências, 20(1), 48-56.

CALLIARI, L. J., TOZZI, H. A. M. & KLEIN, A. H. F. 1998. Beach morphology and coastline erosion associated with storm surges in Southern Brazil - Rio Grande to Chuí, RS. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciência, 70(2), 175-188.

CHIESSI, C. M., MULITZA, S., PÄTZOLD, J., WEFER, G. & MARENGO, J. A. 2009. Possible impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the South American summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(21), 1-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039914

» https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039914

CODIGNOTTO, J. O., DRAGANI, W. C., MARTIN, P. B., SIMIONATO, C. G., MEDINA, R. A. & ALONSO, G. 2012. Wind-wave climate change and increasing erosion in the outer Río de la Plata, Argentina. Continental Shelf Research, 38, 110-116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.013

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.013

COPERNICUS CLIMATE CHANGE SERVICE (CCCS). 2017. ERA5: Fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate Brussels: Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data Store (CDS).

CROWLEY, T. J. & KIM, K. Y. 1993. Towards development of a strategy for determining the origin of decadal-centennial scale climate variability. Quaternary Science Reviews, 12(6), 375-385, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(05)80003-4

» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(05)80003-4

DAVIES, J. L. 1964. A morphogenic approach to world shorelines. Geomorphology, 8(5), 27-142.

DEE, D. P., UPPALA, S. M., SIMMONS, A. J., BERRISFORD, P., POLI, P., KOBAYASHI, S., ANDRAE, U., BALMASEDA, M. A., BALSAMO, G., BAUER, P., BECHTOLD, P., BELJAARS, A. C. M., VAN DE BERG, L., BIDLOT, J., BORMANN, N., DELSOL, C., DRAGANI, R., FUENTES, M., GEER, A. J., HAIMBERGER, L., HEALY, S. B., HERSBACH, H., HOLM, E. V., ISAKSEN, L., K´ALLBERG, P., KOHLER, M., MATRICARDI, M., MCNALLY, A. P., MONGE-SANZ, B. M., MORCRETTE, J. J., PARK, B. K., PEUBEY, C., ROSNAY, P., TAVOLATO, C., THEPAUT, J. N. & VITART, F. 2011. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quaternary Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(656), 553-597, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828

» https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828

DE LEO, F., BESIO, G. & MENTASCHI, L. 2021. Trends and variability of ocean waves under RCP8.5 emission scenario in the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Dynamics, 71, 97-117, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01419-8

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01419-8

DELWORTH, T. L. & MANN, M. E. 2000. Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate Dynamics, 16, 661-676, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820000075

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820000075

DIJKSTRA, H. A., TE RAA, L., SCHMEITS, M. & GERRITS, J. 2006. On the physics of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Ocean Dynamics, 56, 36-50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-005-0043-0

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-005-0043-0

DODET, G., BERTIN, X. & TABORDA, R. 2010. Wave climate variability in the North-East Atlantic Ocean over the last six decades. Ocean Modelling, 31(3), 120-131.

D’ONOFRIO, E. E., FIORE, M. E. & POUSA, J. L. 2008. Changes in the regime of storm surges at Buenos Aires, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research, 24(1A), 260-265.

ENFIELD, D. B., MESTAS-NUÑEZ, A. M. & TRIMBLE, P. J. 2001. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(10), 2077-2080, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012745

» https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012745

ESCOBAR, G., VARGAS, W. & BISCHOFF, S. 2004. Wind tides in the Rio de la Plata estuary: meteorological conditions. International Journal of Climatology, 24(9), 1159-1169.

FRAJKA-WILLIAMS, E., BEAULIEU, C. & DUCHEZ, A. 2017. Emerging negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index in spite of warm subtropics. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 11224, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11046-x

» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11046-x

FURG (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande). Rede Ondas [online]. Porto Alegre: FURG (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande). Avaliable at: http://www.redeondas.furg.br [Accessed: YEAR Mo DAY].

» http://www.redeondas.furg.br

GARNER, A. J., MANN, M. E., EMANUEL, K. A., KOPP, R. E., LIN, N., ALLEY, R. B. & POLLARD, D. 2017. Impact of climate change on New York City’s coastal food hazard: Increasing food heights from the preindustrial to 2300 CE. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(45), 11861-11866, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703568114

» https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703568114

GODOLPHIM, M. F. 1976. Geologia do Holoceno Costeiro do Município do Rio Grande, RS MSc. Porto Alegre: UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) -Instituto de Geociências.

GOLDENBERG, S. B., LANDSEA, C. W., MESTAS-NUNEZ, A. M. & GRAY, W. M. 2001. The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: causes and implications. Science, 293(5529), 474-479, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060040

» https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060040

GONZALES, M., NICOLODI, J. L., GUTIÉRREZ, O. Q., LOSADA, V. C. & HERMOSA, A. E. 2016. Brazilian coastal processes: wind, wave climate and sea level. In: SHORT, A. D. & KLEIN, A. H. F. (orgs.). Brazilian beach systems. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, v. 17, pp. 37-66.

HARLEY, M. D., TURNER, I. L., SHORT, A. D. & RANASINGHE, R. 2010. Interannual variability and controls of the Sydney wave climate. International Journal of Climatology, 30(9), 1322-1335.

HEMER, M. A., CHURCH, J. A. & HUNTER, J. R. 2010. Variability and trends in the directional wave climate of the Southern Hemisphere. International Journal of Climatology, 30(4), 475-491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1900

» https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1900

HEMER, M. A., CHURCH, J. A., SWAIL, V. & WANG, X. 2006. Coordinated global wave climate projections. Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions, 2, 185-218.

HERSBACH, H., BELL, B., BERRISFORD, P., HIRAHARA, S., HORÁNYI, A., MUÑOZ-SABATER, J. & THÉPAUT, J. N. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999-2049, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803

» https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803

HOSKINS, B. J. & HODGES, K. I. A. 2005. New Perspective on Sourthern Hemisphere Storm Tracks. Journal of Climate, 18, 4108-4129.

HURREL, H., KUSHNIR, Y., OTTERSEN, G. & VISBECK, M. 2003. An overview of the North Atlantic oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation: climatic significance and environmental impact. Geophysical Monograph Series, 134, 1-35.

KAYANO, M. T., ROSA, M. B., RAO, V. B., ANDREOLI, R. V. & SOUZA, R. A. F. 2019. Relations of the low-level extratropical cyclones in the southeast Pacific and South Atlantic to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Journal of Climate, 32(14), 4167-4178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0564.1

» https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0564.1

KERR, R. A. 2000. A North Atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries. Science, 288(5473), 1984-1986, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5473.1984

» https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5473.1984

KING, C. A. M. 1972. Beaches and coasts London: Edward Arnold.

KNIGHT, J. R., ALLAN, R. J., FOLLAND, C. K., VELLINGA, M. & MANN, M. E. 2005. A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L20708, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024233

» https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024233

KNIGHT, J. R., FOLLAND, C. K. & SCAIFE, A. A. 2006. Climate impacts of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(17), L17706, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026242

» https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026242

KRAVTSOV, S. V. & SPANNAGLE, C. 2008. Multi-decadal climate variability in observed and modeled surface temperature. Journal of Climate, 21(5), 1104-1121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1874.1

» https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1874.1

KUSHNIR, Y., CARDONE, V. J., GREENWOOD, J. G. & CANE, M. A. 1997. The recent increase in North Atlantic wave heights. Journal of Climate, 10, 2107-2113.

LATIF, M. 2013. The Ocean’s role in modeling and predicting decadal climate variations. In: SIEDLER, G., GRIFFIES, S. M., GOULD, J. & CHURCH, J. A. (eds.). International geophysics London: Academic Press, v. 103, pp. 645-665.

LYU, K. & YU, J. Y. 2017. Climate impacts of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation simulated in the CMIP5 models: a re-evaluation based on a revised index. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(8), 3867-3876, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072681

» https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072681

MACHADO, A. A., CALLIARI, L. J., MELO, E. & KLEIN, A. H. F. 2010. Historical assessment of extreme coastal sea state conditions in southern Brazil and their relation to erosion episodes [online]. Pan American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 5(2), 277-286. Available at: http://www.panamjas.org/pdf_artigos/PANAMJAS_5(2)_277-286.pdf [Accessed: YEAR Mo DAY].

» http://www.panamjas.org/pdf_artigos/PANAMJAS_5(2)_277-286.pdf

MAIA, N. Z., CALLIARI, L. J. & NICOLODI, J. L. 2016. Analytical model of sea level elevation during a storm: Support for coastal food risk assessment associated with cyclone passage. Continental Shelf Research, 124, 23-34, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.04.012

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.04.012

MARSHALL, A. G., HEMER, M. A., HENDON, H. H. & MCINNES, K. L. 2018. Southern annular mode impacts on global ocean surface waves. Ocean Modelling, 129, 58-74, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.07.007

» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.07.007

MCCABE, G. J., PALECKI, M. A. & BETANCOURT, J. L. 2004. Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(12), 4136-4141, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306738101

» https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306738101

MEEHL, G., STOCKER, T., COLLINS, W., FIEDLINGSTEIN, P., GAYE, A., GREGORY, KITOH, A., KNUTTI, R., MURPHY, J., NODA, A., RPER, S., WATTERSON, I., WEAVER, A. & ZHAO, Z. 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter Global Climate Projections Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

MENTASCHI, L., VOUSDOUKAS, M. I., VOUKOUVALAS, E., DOSIO, A. & FEYEN, L. 2017. Global changes of extreme coastal wave energy fluxes triggered by intensified teleconnection patterns. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(5), 2416-2426.

MORI, N., YASUDA, T., MASE, H., TOM, T. & OKU, Y. 2010. Projection of extreme wave climate under global warming. Hydrological Research Letters, 4, 14-19.

MORIM, J., HEMER, M., WANG, X. L., CARTWRIGHT, N., TRENHAM, C., SEMEDO, A., YOUNG, I., BRICHENO, L., CAMUS, P. , CASAS-PRAT, M., ERIKSON, L., MENTASCHI, L., MORI, N., SHIMURA, T., TIMMERMANS, B., AARNES, O., BREIVIK, O., BEHRENS, A., DOBRYIN, M., MENENDEZ, M., STANEVA, J., WEHNER, M., WOLF, J., KAMRANZAD, B., WEBB, A., STOPA, J. & ANDUTTA, F. 2019. Robustness and uncertainties in global multivariate wind-wave climate projections. Nature Climate Change, 9(9), 711-718, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5

» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5

MOTTA, V. F. 1969. Relatório‐diagnóstico sobre a melhoria e o aprofundamento do acesso pela barra de Rio Grande. MSc. Porto Alegre: UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) - Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas.

MUGGEO, V. M. 2003. Estimating regression models with unknown break-points. Statistics in Medicine, 22(19), 3055-3071.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2001. Climate Timeseries – AMO (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation) index [online]. Boulder: NOOA. Available at: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/timeseries/AMO/ [Accessed: 2020 Apr 04].

» https://psl.noaa.gov/data/timeseries/AMO/

ODÉRIZ, I., SILVA, R., MORTLOCK, T. R. & MENDOZA, E. 2020. Climate drivers of directional wave power on the Mexican coast. Ocean Dynamics, 70(9), 1253-1265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01387-z

» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01387-z

OLIVEIRA, B. A., SOBRAL, F., FETTER, A. & MENDEZ, F. J. 2019. A high-resolution wave hindcast of Santa Catarina (Brazil) for identifying wave climate variability. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 32, 100834.

OLIVEIRA, U. R., SIMÕES, R. S., CALLIARI, L. J. & GAUTÉRIO, B. C. 2019. Erosão de dunas sob ação de um evento extremo de alta energia de ondas na costa central e sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia, 20(1), 1-22, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v20i1.1352

» http://dx.doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v20i1.1352

O’REILLY, C. H., WOOLLINGS, T. & ZANNA, L. 2017. The dynamical influence of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on continental climate. Journal of Climate, 30(18), 7213-7230, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0345.1

» https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0345.1

ORTEGA, L., CELENTANO, E., FINKL, C. & DEFEO, O. 2013. Efects of climate variability on the morphodynamics of Uruguayan sandy beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(4), 747-755.

PARISE, C. K., CALLIARI, L. J. & KRUSCHE, N. 2009. Extreme storm surges in the south of Brazil: atmospheric conditions and shore erosion. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 57(3), 175-188.

PEZZI, L. P., SOUZA, R. B. & QUADRO, M. F. L. 2016. Uma revisão dos processos de interação oceano-atmosfera em regiões de intenso gradiente termal do oceano Atlântico Sul baseada em dados observacionais. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia, 31(4), 428-453, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-778631231420150032

» https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-778631231420150032

PIANCA, C., MAZZINI, P. L. & SIEGLE, E. 2010. Brazilian ofshore wave climate based on NWW3 reanalysis. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 58(1), 53-70.

QIAN, C., YU, J. Y. & CHEN, G. 2014. Decadal summer drought frequency in China: the increasing influence of the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation. Environmental Research Letters, 9(12), 124004, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124004

» https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124004

RASMUSSEN, D. J., BITTERMANN, K., BUCHANAN, M. K., KULP, S., STRAUSS, B. H., KOPP, R. E. & OPPENHEIMER, M. 2018. Extreme sea level implications of 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, and 2.5 °C temperature stabilization targets in the 21st and 22nd century. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 034040.

REGUERO, B. G., LOSADA, I. J. & MENDEZ, F. J. 2019. A recent increase in global wave power as a consequence of oceanic warming. Nature Communications, 205, 1-14.

REGUERO, B. G., MÉNDEZ, F. J. & LOSADA, I. J. 2013. Variability of multivariate wave climate in Latin America and the Caribbean. Global and Planetary Change, 100, 70-84.

SEMEDO, A., SUSELIJ, K., RUTGERSSON, A. & STERL, A. 2011. A global view on the wind sea and swell climate and variability from ERA-40. Journal of Climate, 24(5), 1461-1479.

SEMEDO, A., WEISSE, R., BEHRENS, A., STERL, A., BENGTSSON, L. & GÜNTHER, H. 2013. Projection of global wave climate change toward the end of the twenty-first century. Journal of Climate, 26(21), 8269-8288, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00658.1

» https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00658.1

SILVA, A. P., KLEIN, A. H. F., FETTER-FILHO, A. F. H., HEIN, C. J., MÉNDEZ, F. J., BROGGIO, M. F. & DALINGHAUS, C. 2020. Climate-induced variability in South Atlantic wave direction over the past three millennia. Scientific Reports, 10, 18553, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75265-5

» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75265-5

SINCLAIR, M. R. 1995. A climatology of cyclogenesis for the Southern Hemisphere. Monthly Weather Review, 123, 1601-1619.

SINCLAIR, M. R. 1997. Objective identification of cyclones and their circulation intensity, and climatology. Weather and Forecasting, 12(3), 595-612.

SUN, C., LI, J. & ZHAO, S. 2015. Remote influence of Atlantic multidecadal variability on Siberian warm season precipitation. Scientific Reports, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16853

» https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16853

SWAIL, V. R., CECCACCI, E. A. & COX, A. T. 2000. The AES40 north Atlantic wave reanalysis validation and climate assessment. In: 6th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting (WWHF) Monterey, California, USA, 2000 Nov 6-10. Monterey: WWHF, pp. 1-17.

THE WAMDI GROUP. 1988. The WAM Model - A Third Generation Ocean Wave Prediction Model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 18(12), 1775-1810.

THOMPSON, D. & WALLACE, J. M. 1998. The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(9), 1297-1300.

TIMMERMANN, A., OKUMURA, Y., AN, S. I., CLEMENT, A., DONG, B., GUILYARDI, E., HU, A., JUNCLAUS, J. H., RENOLD, M., STOCKER, T. F., STOUFFER, R. J., SUTTON, R., XIE, S. P. & YIN, J. 2007. The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO. Journal of Climate, 20(19), 4899-4919, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4283.1

» https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4283.1

TOMAZELLI, L. J. & VILLWOCK, J. A. 1992. Algumas Considerações sobre o Ambiente Praial e a Deriva Litorânea de Sedimentos ao Longo do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisas em Geociências, 19(1), 1-26.

TRENBERTH, K., CARON, J., STEPANIAK, D. & WORLEY, S. 2002. Evolution of El Nino-Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 4065, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000298

» https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000298

TRENBERTH, K., ZHANG, R. & NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research Staf) (eds.). 2021. The Climate Data Guide: Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) [online]. Boulder: NCAR. Available at: https://climate-dataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/atlantic-multi-decadal-oscillation-amo [Accessed: YEAR Mo DAY].

» https://climate-dataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/atlantic-multi-decadal-oscillation-amo

VOUSDOUKAS, M. I., MENTASCHI, L., VOUKOUVALAS, E., BIANCHI, A., DOTTORI, F. & FEYEN, L. 2018. Climatic and socioeconomic controls of future coastal food risk in Europe. Nature Climate Change, 8(9), 776-780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0260-4

» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0260-4

WAN, W., Y., FAN, C., DAI, Y., LI, L., SUN, W. & ZHOU, P. 2018. Assessment of the joint development potential of wave and wind energy in the South China Sea. Energies, 11(2), 1-26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020398

» https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020398

WANG, C., LEE, S. K. & ENFIELD, D. B. 2008. Atlantic warm pool acting as a link between Atlantic Multide-cadal Oscillation and Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001809

» https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001809

WANG, X. L. & SWAIL, V. R. 2000. Changes of extreme wave heights in Northern hemisphere oceans and related atmospheric circulation regimes. Journal of Climate, 14(10), 2204-2221.

WANG, X. L., ZWIERS, F. W. & SWAIL, V. R. 2003. North Atlantic Ocean wave climate change scenarios for the twenty-first century. Journal of Climate, 17, 2368-2383.

WANG, Y., LI, S. & LUO, D. 2009. Seasonal response of Asian monsoonal climate to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114(D2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010929

» https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010929

WASEDA, T., WEBB, A., SATO, K., INOUE, J., KOHOUT, A., PENROSE, B. & PENROSE, S. 2018. Correlated increase of high ocean waves and winds in the ice-free waters of the Arctic Ocean. Scientific Reports, 8, 4489, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22500-9

» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22500-9

YANG, Y. M., AN, S. I., WANG, B. & PARK, J. H. 2020. A global-scale multidecadal variability driven by Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. National Science Review, 7(7), 1190-1197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz216

» https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz216

YOUNG, I. R., ZIEGER, S. & BABANIN, A. V. 2011. Global trends in wind speed and wave height. Science, 332(6028), 451-455.

ZHANG, R. & DELWORTH, T. L. 2005. Simulated tropical response to a substantial weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Journal of Climate, 18(12), 1853-1860, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3460.1

» https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3460.1

Downloads

Published

22.11.2022

How to Cite

Wave climate trends and breakpoints during the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in southern Brazil. (2022). Ocean and Coastal Research, 70. https://doi.org/10.1590/