Psychological adjustment of parents of children with different cancer prognosis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3120Keywords:
Emotional adjustment, Cancer in children, RecurrenceAbstract
Little is known about the psychological adjustment of parents of children with cancer relapse or remission. This study investigated differences in the psychological adjustment of caregivers of children with different cancer prognosis, by comparing them with a control group. In total, 183 caregivers participated in this study: those with children in relapse/on treatment (n = 32), remission/off treatment (n = 75), and “healthy” (n = 76). The Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Symptom Check list-90-R, the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire-Reviewed and the Family Environment Scale were analyzed with Variance Analysis, Student’s t-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlations. The results showed that parents of children with cancer relapse presented less psychological adjustment. Furthermore, a protective effect of family cohesion and possible risk factors related to sociodemographic variables were observed. Conclusions highlight the convenience of developing specific interventions for parents of children with cancer relapse.
Downloads
References
Andriola, W. B., Troccóli, B. T., & Dias, M. R. (1990). Caracterização do apoio social em estudantes universitários brasileiros [Social support characterization in Brazilian university students]. Revista de Psicologia, 7/8(1/2), 61-78. Retrieved from http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/10909
Arruda-Colli, M. N. F., & Santos, M. A. (2015). Aspectos psicológicos da recidiva em oncologia pediátrica: Uma revisão integrativa [Psychological aspects of child cancer relapse: An integrative literature review]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 67(3), 75-93. Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/arbp/v67n3/07.pdf
Bakker, A., Maertens, K. J. P., Van Son, M. J. M., & Van Loey, N. E. E. (2013). Psychological consequences of pediatric burns from a child and family perspective: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 361-371. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.006
Bemis, H., Yarboi, J., Gerhardt, C. A., Vannatta, K., Desjardins, L., Murphy, L. K, … Compas, B. E. (2015). Childhood cancer in context: Sociodemographic factors, stress, and psychological distress among mothers and children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(8), 733-743. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv024
Boivin, J., Rice, F., Hay, D., Harold, G., Lewis, A., van den Bree, M. M. B., & Thapar, A. (2009). Associations between maternal older age, family environment and parent and child wellbeing in families using assisted reproductive techniques to conceive. Social Science & Medicine, 68(11), 1948-1955. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.036
Cooper, S. L., & Brown, P. A. (2015). Treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 62(1), 61-73. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2014.09.006
Cunha, J. A. (2001). Escalas Beck - Manual. São Paulo, SP: Casa do Psicólogo.
Gerhardt, C. A., Gutzwiller, J., Huiet, K. A., Fischer, S., Noll, R. B., & Vannatta, K. (2007). Parental adjustment to childhood cancer: A replication study. Families, Systems, & Health, 25(3), 263-275. doi:10.1037/1091-7527.25.3.263
Grootenhuis, M. A., & Last, B. F. (1997). Predictors of parental emotional adjustment to childhood cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 6(2), 115-128. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199706)6:2<115::AID-PON252>3.0.CO;2-D
Jurbergs, N., Long, A., Ticona, L., & Phipps, S. (2009). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in parents of children with cancer: Are they elevated relative to parents of healthy children? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(1), 4-13. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm119
Kazak, A. E., Abrams, A. N., Banks, J., Christofferson, J., DiDonato, S., Grootenhuis, M. A., … Kupst, M. J. (2015). Psychosocial assessment as a standard of care in pediatric cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 62(Suppl 5), S426-S459. doi:10.1002/pbc.25730
Khanjari, S., Damghanifar, M., & Haqqani, H. (2018). Investigating the relationship between the quality of life and religious coping in mothers of children with recurrence leukemia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(1), 213-219. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_236_17
Klassen, A. F., Raina, P., McIntosh, C., Sung, L., Klaassen, R. J., O´Donnell, M., … Dix, D. (2011). Parents of children with cancer: Which factors explain differences in health-related quality of life. International Journal of Cancer, 129(5), 1190-1198. doi:10.1002/ijc.25737
Laloni, D. T. (2001). Escala de avaliação de sintomas-90-R-SCL-90-R: Adaptação, precisão e validade (Tese de doutorado). Retrieved from http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/389
Ljungman, L., Cernvall, M., Grönqvist, H., Ljótsson, B., Ljungman, G., & von Essen, L. (2014). Long-term positive and negative psychological late effects for parents of childhood cancer survivors: A systematic review. PloS One, 9(7), e103340. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103340
Maurice-Stam, H., Oort, F. J., Last, B. F., & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2008). Emotional functioning of parents of children with cancer: The first five years of continuous remission after the end of treatment. Psycho-Oncology, 17(5), 448-459. doi:10.1002/pon.1260
Meyler, E., Guerin, S., Kiernan, G., & Breatnach, F. (2010). Review of family-based psychosocial interventions for childhood cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(10), 1116-1132. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq032
Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer. (2018). É possível falar em cura? [Is it possible to talk about cure?]. Rede Câncer, (40), 12-16. Retrieved from https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files/media/document/rrc-40-capa-e-possivel-falar-em-cura.pdf
Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. (2019). Estimativa 2020: Incidência de câncer no Brasil [Estimate 2020: Incidence of cancer in Brazil]. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: INCA. Retrieved from https://www.inca.gov.br/sites/ufu.sti.inca.local/files/media/document/estimativa-2020-incidencia-de-cancer-no-brasil.pdf
Pai, A. L. H., Drotar, D., Zebracki, K., Moore, M., & Youngstrom, E. (2006). A meta-analysis of the effects of psychological interventions in pediatric oncology on outcomes of psychological distress and adjustment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(9), 978-988. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj109
Phipps, S., Long, A., Willard, V. W., Okado, Y., Hudson, M., Huang, Q., … Noll, R. (2015). Parents of children with cancer: At-risk or resilient? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(9), 914-925. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv047
Rodríguez, E. M., Dunn, M. J., Zuckerman, T., Hughart, L., Vannatta, K., Gerhardt, C. A., … Compas, B. E. (2013). Mother-child communication and maternal depressive symptoms in families of children with cancer: Integrating macro and micro levels of analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(7), 732-743. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst018
Rosenberg, A. R., Dussel, V., Kang, T., Geyer, J. R., Gerhardt, C. A., Feudtner, C., & Wolfe, J. (2013). Psychological distress in parents of children with advanced cancer. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(6), 537-543. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.628
Roser, K., Erdmann, F., Michel, G., Winther, J. F., & Mader, L. (2019). The impact of childhood cancer on parents’ socio-economic situation: A systematic review. Psycho-Oncology, 28(6), 1207-1226. doi:10.1002/pon.5088
Salvador, A., Crespo, C., & Barros, L. (2019). Parents’ psychological well-being when a child has cancer: Contribution of individual and family factors. Psycho-Oncology, 28(5), 1080-1087. doi:10.1002/pon.5057
Salvador, A., Crespo, C., Martins, A. R., Santos, S., & Canavarro, M. C. (2015). Parents’ perceptions about their child’s illness in pediatric cancer: Links with caregiving burden and quality of life. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(4), 1129-1140. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9921-8
Schardong, F., Cardoso, N. O., & Mazoni, C. G. (2017). Estratégias de enfrentamento e a ansiedade dos pais de crianças com câncer: Uma revisão integrativa [Coping strategies and anxiety of parents of children with cancer: An integrative review]. Revista da SBPH, 20(1), 32-54. Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-08582017000100004&lng=pt&tlng=pt
Schepers, S. A., Okado, Y., Russell, K., Long, A. M., & Phipps, S. (2019). Adjustment in childhood cancer survivors, healthy peers, and their parents: The mediating role of the parent-child relationship. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 44(2), 186-196. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsy069
Sulkers, E., Tissing, W. J. E., Brinksma, A., Roodbol, P. F., Kamps, W. A., Stewart, R. E., … Fleer, J. (2015). Providing care to a child with cancer: A longitudinal study on the course, predictors, and impact of caregiving stress during the first year after diagnosis. Psycho-Oncology, 24(3), 318-324. doi:10.1002/pon.3652
Sultan, S., Leclair, T., Rondeau, E., Burns, W., & Abate, C. (2016). A systematic review on factors and consequences of parental distress as related to childhood cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care, 25(4), 616-637. doi:10.1111/ecc.12361
Van Schoors, M., De Paepe, A. L., Norga, K., Cosyns, V., Morren, H., Vercruysse, T., … Verhofstadt, L. L. (2019). Family members dealing with childhood cancer: A study on the role of family functioning and cancer appraisal. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1045. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01405
Vander Haegen, M., & Etienne, A. M. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty in parents of childhood cancer survivors: A clinical profile analysis. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 36(6), 717-733. doi:10.1080/07347332.2018.1499692
Vianna, V. P. T., Silva, E. A., & Souza-Formigoni, M. L. O. (2007). Versão em português da Family Environment Scale: Aplicação e validação [Portuguese version of the Family Environment Scale: Aplication and validation]. Revista de Saúde Pública, 41(3), 419-426. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102007000300014
Wechsler, A. M., & Bragado-Álvarez, C. (2017). Predictores de ajuste psicológico de padres de niños con cáncer [Psychological adjustment predictors of parents of children with cáncer]. In C. R. Jara & Y. G. Valdés (Eds.), Psicooncología: Enfoques, avances e investigación [Psychooncology: Approaches, advancements and research] (pp. 319-337). Talca, Chile: Nueva Mirada.
Wechsler, A. M., & Rani, A. C. Z. (2018). Interacción familiar de madres y niños brasileros: Identificación de prácticas parentales de riesgo [Family interaction between Brazilian mothers and children: Identification of risk parental practices]. In A. C. Ríos, C. R. Jara, & E. S. Guajardo (Eds.), Familias y niñez: Nuevas tensiones, nuevas respuestas [Families and childhood: New tensions, new answers] (pp. 15-28). Talca, Chile: Nueva Mirada.
Wiener, L., Viola, A., Kearney, J., Mullins, L. L., Sherman-Bien, S., Zadeh, S., … Pao, M. (2016). Impact of caregiving for a child with cancer on parental health behaviors, relationship quality, and spiritual faith: Do lone parents fare worse? Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 33(5), 378-386. doi:10.1177/1043454215616610
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Regarding the availability of contents, Paideia adopts the Creative Commons License, CC-BY. With this licence anyone is allowed to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as to remix, transform, and create from the material for any purpose, even commercial, giving the proper copyright credits to the journal, providing a link to the licence and indicating if changes have been made.
Partial reproduction of other publications
Quotations of more than 500 words, reproductions of one or more figures, tables or other illustrations must have written permission from the copyright holder of the original work for the reproduction specified in the Paidéia journal. Permission should be addressed to the author of the submitted manuscript. Secondarily obtained rights will not be transferred under any circumstance.
