R&D spending and patents: levers of national development

Resumo

Purpose – The level of R&D spending of a country tends to increase the national patent rate and, in
consequence, can collaborate with its economic development. However, there are a few empirical studies
investigating this phenomenon by comparing countries from all over the globe. The purpose of this paper is to
disassemble the sources of R&D spending and identify the role of national patent applications as a mediator
in the relationship between R&D spending and national development.
Design/methodology/approach – Panel data on patent applications in 35 countries of all continents
(except Africa) over 15 years (from 1999 to 2013) regarding four levels of national R&D intensity (i.e. by
enterprises, governments, higher education institutions and private non-profit organisations), gross domestic
product (GDP) per capita, gross national income (GNI) and human development index (HDI) were collected
from the OCDE. Then, two-stage panel regressions were conducted to test the hypotheses.
Findings – The empirical findings indicated that R&D spending from firms and higher education
institutions (public and private) help to directly improve national patent applications, thus contributing to the
national development (measured by GDP per capita, GNI per capita and HDI).
Originality/value – The importance of this study was to show that the investments in R&D made by
universities and firms are more effective in leading to patent applications, which contributes to promoting
national development. With these findings, governments can focus their efforts on stimulating these types of
investments if they want to foster the growth of national patent rates.