Vertical geochemical zoning of the Pb-Zn (Cu-Ag) Santa Maria deposit, Caçapava do Sul region, Rio Grande do Sul
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v24-210066Keywords:
Zoning vectors, Hydrothermal deposit, Camaquã Mines, Santa Maria deposit, Pb-Zn (Cu-Ag)Abstract
The Pb-Zn (Cu-Ag) Santa Maria deposit, part of the Camaquã Mines, south-center of the Rio Grande do Sul state, corresponds to one of the largest base metal deposits hosted by the Neoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary successions of the Camaquã Basin. Because of their economic importance, Camaquã Mines already were the target of a serie of studies, with the consequent proposition of diverse metalogenetic models, which point to an epithermal or magmatic-hydrothermal origin. Hydrothermal deposits have a common geochemical zoning pattern of indicator elements which can be used as an effective prospective criterion. Several geochemical hydrothermal halos are identified in this paper that can potentially serve as a useful exploration guide in the Camaquã Mines region. For that, the vertical geochemical zoning of the Santa Maria deposit was investigated through petrographic and/or geochemical study of 562 samples from his 3 ore bodies. The results obtained here are preliminary (they need to be tested in soil geochemical profiles over Santa Maria ore bodies), but indicate that the multiplicative ratios (Ag × Cd)/(Pb × Zn) and (Ag × Cd)/(Cu × Zn) and the elemental ratios Ag/Zn and Ag/Cu can be useful in the search for new Pb-Zn deposits in the Camaquã Mines.
Downloads
References
Aitchison, J. (1986). The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data. Londres: Chapman and Hall.
Almeida, D. P. M., Chemale Jr., F., Machado, A. (2012). Late to Post-Orogenic Brasiliano-Pan-African Volcano-Sedimentary Basins in the Dom Feliciano Belt, Southernmost Brazil. In: Al-Juboury, A. I. (Ed.), Petrology: New Perspectives and Applications (v. 1, p. 73-130). Rijeka: InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/25189
Almeida, R. P. (2005). Tectônica e Sedimentação do Ediacariano ao Ordoviciano: Exemplos do Supergrupo Camaquã (RS) e do Grupo Caacupé (Paraguai Oriental). Tese (Doutorado). São Paulo: Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.44.2005.tde-29072013-132609
Almeida, R. P., Janikian, L., Fragoso-Cesar, A. R. S., Fambrini, G. L. (2010). The Ediacaran to Cambrian rift system of Southeastern South America: tectonic implications. Journal of Geology, 118(2), 145-161. https://doi.org/10.1086/649817
Babinski, M., Chemale Jr., F., Hartmann, L. A., Van Schmus, W. R., Silva, L. C. (1996). Juvenile accretion at 750–700 Ma in southern Brazil. Geology, 24(5), 439-442. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0439:JAA MIS>2.3.CO;2
Badi, W. S. R. (1987). Relatório final de pesquisa. Porto Alegre: CBC, 120 p.
Badi, W. S. R., Gonzalez, A. P. (1988). Jazida de metais básicos de Santa Maria, Caçapava do Sul-RS. In: Schobbenhaus, C., Coelho, C. E. S. (Eds.), Principais Depósitos Minerais do Brasil (p. 157-170). Brasil: DNPM-CVRD.
Beckel, J (1992). Características físico-químicas do fluido hidrotermal formador das mineralizações de cobre das minas do Camaquã, RS. 1 Workshop Sobre as Bacias Molássicas Brasilianas. Boletim de Resumos Expandidos, 1, 6-11. São Leopoldo: Unisinos.
Bettencourt, J. S. (1972). Mina de Cobre de Camaquã, Rio Grande do Sul. Tese (Doutorado). São Paulo: Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 196 p. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.44.2015.tde-06072015-100922
Bitencourt, M. D. F., Nardi, L. V. S. (2000). Tectonic setting and sources of magmatism related to the Southern Brazilian Shear Belt. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30(1), 186-189. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.2000301186189
Bogdanov, K., Popov, K. (2003). Cu-Au epithermal systems in the southern part of the Panagyurishte ore region, Bulgaria. In: Bogdanov, K., Strashimirov, S. (Eds.), Cretaceous porphyryepithermal systems of the Srednogorie zone, Bulgaria (v. 36, p. 91-114). Littleton: Society of Economic Geologists, Guidebook Series. https://doi.org/10.5382/GB.36
Borba, A. W. (2006). Evolução geológica da “Bacia do Camaquã” (Neoproterozoico e Paleozoico inferior do Escudo Sul-riograndense, RS, Brasil): uma visão com base na integração de ferramentas de estratigrafia, petrografia e geologia isotópica. Tese (Doutorado). Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 233 p. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7906. Acesso em: 28 set. 2023.
Brito Neves, B. B., Cordani, U. G. (1991). Tectonic evolution of South America during the late Proterozoic. Precambrian Research, 53(1-2), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90004-T
Chemale Jr., F. (2000). Evolução geológica do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense. In: Holz, M., De Ros, L. F. (Eds.), Geologia do Rio Grande do Sul (p. 13-52). Porto Alegre: CIGO/UFRGS.
Chemale Jr., F., Hartmann, L. A., Silva, L. C. (1995). Stratigraphy and tectonism of the Brasiliano Cycle in southern Brazil. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 10, 153-168. Disponível em: https://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/68a_Chemale%20Hartmann%20and%20da%20Silva_Brasiliano%20Cycle_Southern%20Brazil.pdf. Acesso em: 28 set. 2023.
Egozcue, J. J., Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., Mateu-Figueras, G., Barcelo-Vidal, C. (2003). Isometric logratio transformations for compositional data analysis. Mathematical Geology, 35(3), 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023818214614
Fambrini, G. L. (2003). O Grupo Santa Bárbara (Neoproterozoico III) a norte do rio Camaquã, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Tese (Doutorado). São Paulo: Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.44.2003.tde-26092014-160734
Fambrini, G. L., Janikian, L., Paes de Almeida, R., Fragoso-Cesar, A. R. S. (2005). O Grupo Santa Bábara (Ediacarano) na sub-bacia Camaquã Central, RS: estratigrafia e sistemas deposicionais. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 35(2), 273-284. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.2005352227238
Fernandes, L. A. D., Tommasi, A., Porcher, C. C. (1992). Deformation patterns in the southern Brazilian branch of the Dom Feliciano Belt: a reappraisal. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 5(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(92)90061-3
Filzmoser, P., Hron, K. (2008). Outlier detection for compositional data using robust methods. Mathematical Geosciences, 40, 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-007-9141-5
Filzmoser, P., Hron, K., Reimann, C. (2009). Principal component analysis for compositional data with outliers. Environmetrics, 20(6), 621-632. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.966
Fragoso-Cesar, A. R. S., Fambrini, G. L., Almeida, R. P., Pelosi, A. P. M. R., Janikian, L., Riccomini, C., Machado, R., Nogueira, A. C. R., Saes, G. S. (2000). The Camaquã extensional basin: Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian sequences in southernmost Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30(3), 442-445. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.2000303442445
Fragoso-Cesar, A. R. S., Fambrini, G. L., Paes de Almeida, R., Pelosi, A. P. M. R., Janikian, L. (2003). A Bacia Camaquã: um sistema intracontinental anorogênico de rifts do Neoproterozoico III – Eopaleozoico no Rio Grande do Sul. I Encontro Sobre a Estratigrafia do Rio Grande do Sul: Escudos e Bacias. Boletim de Resumos, 139-144. Porto Alegre: UFRGS. Disponível em: https://repositorio.usp.br/directbitstream/ee2e2864-b3eb-44ad-8a1a-9574dd29244c/1315909.pdf. Acesso em: 28 set. 2023.
Gonzalez, M., Teixeira, G. (1980). Considerações sobre a estratigrafia e ambientes de sedimentação da região das Minas do Camaquã. XXXI Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. Anais, 3, 1513-1524. Camboriú: SBG.
Govett, G. J. S. (1983). Rock Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. In: Govett, G. J. S. (Ed.), Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry (v. 3). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Govett, G. J. S., Nichol, I. (1979). Lithogeochemistry in mineral exploration. In: Peter, J. H. (Ed.). Geophysics and Geochemistry in the Search of Metallic Ores (p. 339-362). Report 31. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada, Economic Geology. Disponível em: https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/LITHOGEOCHEMISTRYIN-MINERAL-EXPLORATION.pdf. Acesso em: 28 set. 2023.
Gresse, P. G., Chemale Jr., F., Silva, L. C., Walraven, F., Hartmann, L. A. (1996). Late- to post-orogenic basins of the Pan-African-Brasiliano collision orogen in southern Africa and southern Brazil. Basin Research, 8(2), 157-171. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.01504.x
Grigoryan, S. V. (1974). Primary geochemical halos in prospecting and exploration of hydrothermal deposits. International Geology Review, 16(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206817409471901
Hauke, J., Kossowski, T. (2011). Comparison of values of Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients on the same sets of data. Quaestiones Geographicae, 30(2), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10117-011-0021-1
Hosseini-Dinani, H., Aftabi, A. (2016). Vertical lithogeochemical halos and zoning vectors at Goushfil Zn–Pb deposit, Irankuh district, southwestern Isfahan, Iran: Implications for concealed ore exploration and genetic models. Ore Geology Reviews, 72(Part 1), 1004-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.023
Hosseini-Dinani, H., Aftabi, A., Esmaeili, A., Rabbani, M. (2015). Composite soil-geochemical halos delineating carbonate-hosted zinc-lead-barium mineralization in the Irankuh district, Isfahan, west-central Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 156, 114-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.05.007
Imamalipour, A., Mousavi, R. (2018). Vertical geochemical zonation in the Masjed Daghi porphyry copper-gold deposit, northwestern Iran: implications for exploration of blind mineral deposits. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 18(2), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2017-029
Janikian, L., Almeida, R. P., Fragoso-Cesar, A. R. S., Fambrini, G. L. (2003). Redefinição do Grupo Bom Jardim (Neoproterozoico III) em sua área-tipo: litoestratigrafia, evolução paleoambiental e contexto tectônico. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 33(4), 349-360. https://doi.org/10.25249/0375-7536.2003334347360
Kim, Y., Kim, T. H., Ergün, T. (2015). The instability of the Pearson correlation coefficient in the presence of coincidental outliers. Finance Research Letters, 13, 243-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2014.12.005
Large, R. R., McGoldrick, P. J. (1998). Lithogeochemical halos and geochemical vectors to stratiform sediment hosted Zn–Pb–Ag deposits, 1. Lady Loretta Deposit, Queensland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 63(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(98)00013-2
Laux, J. H., Lindenmayer, Z. G. (2000). As Minas do Camaquã: um século de evolução de hipóteses genéticas. In: Ronchi, L. H., Lobato, A. O. C. (Eds.), Minas do Camaquã, um estudo multidisciplinar (p. 133-164). São Leopoldo: UNISINOS/FAPERGS.
Laux, J. H., Lindenmayer, Z. G., Teixeira, J. B. G., Neto, A. B. (2005). Ore genesis at the Camaquã copper mine, a neoproterozoic sediment-hosted deposit in Southern Brazil. Ore Geology Reviews, 26(1-2), 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2004.11.001
Lee Rodgers, J., Nicewander, W. A. (1988). Thirteen ways to look at the correlation coefficient. The American Statistician, 42(1), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.2307/2685263
Licht, O. (1980). A descoberta da Jazida Santa Maria (Zn, Pb, Cu) Rio Grande do Sul-Brasil: um caso histórico de prospecção geoquímica. XXXI Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. Anais, 1, 141-153. Camboriú: SBG.
Macheyeki, A. S. (2011). Application of lithogeochemistry to exploration for Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in the Kabanga area, NW Tanzania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 61(1), 62-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.05.005
Macheyeki, A. S., Kafumu, D. P., Li, X., Yuan, F. (2020). Applied Geochemistry: Advances in Mineral Exploration Techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Markham, N. L., Ottemann, J. (1968). Betekhtinite from Mt. Lyell, Tasmania. Mineralium Deposita, 3(2), 171-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00207104
Oliveira, C. H. E., Chemale Jr., F., Jelinek, A. R., Bicca, M. M., Philipp, R. P. (2014). U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes applied to the evolution of the late to post-orogenic transtensional basins of the Dom Feliciano belt, Brazil. Precambrian Research, 246, 240-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2014.03.008
Paim, P. S. G., Chemale Jr., F., Lopes, R. C. (2000). A Bacia do Camaquã. In: Holz, M., De Ros, L. F. (Eds.), Geologia do Rio Grande do Sul (p. 231-274). Porto Alegre: CIGO/UFRGS.
Pereira, D. R., Macambira, M. J. B., Pires, K. C. D. J., Lago, S. B. D. (2021). Isotopic study of the Pb-Zn (Cu-Ag) Santa Maria Deposit, Caçapava do Sul Region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 51(1), e20200091. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889202120200091
Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Garrett, R. G. (2002). Factor analysis applied to regional geochemical data: problems and possibilities. Applied Geochemistry, 17(3), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00066-X
Remus, M. V. D., Hartmann, L. A., McNaughton, N. J., Groves, D. I., Reischl, J. L. (2000). A distal magmatic-hydrotermal origin for the Camaquã Cu (Au-Ag) and Santa Maria Pb-Zn (Cu-Ag) deposits, southern Brazil. Gondwana Research, 3(2), 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70094-0
Remus, M. V. D., Hartmann, L. A., Toniolo, J. A. (2011). Lowtemperature, hydrothermal base and precious metal deposits hosted by volcanic-sedimentary sequences of the Camaquã basin, southernmost Brazil. Geophysical Research Abstract, 13. Disponível em: https://rigeo.cprm.gov.br/bitstream/doc/597/1/Art_low_Toniolo.pdf. Acesso em: 28 set. 2023.
Renac, C., Mexias, A. S., Gomes, M. E. B., Ronchi, L. H., Nardi, L. V. S., Laux, J. H. (2014). Isotopic fluid changes in a Neoproterozoic porphyry–epithermal system: The Uruguay mine, southern Brazil. Ore Geology Reviews, 60, 146-160.
Ribeiro, M., Bocchi, P. R., Figueiredo, F. P. M., Tessari, R. I. (1966). Geologia da quadrícula de Caçapava do Sul, RS, Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: DNPM/DFPM. 232 p. (Boletim 127).
Ronchi, L. H., Lindenmayer, Z. G., Bastos Neto, A., Murta, C. R. (2000). O stockwork e a zona do minério sulfetado no arenito inferior da Mina Uruguai, RS. In: Ronchi, L. H., Lobato, A. O. C. (Eds.), Minas do Camaquã, um estudo multidisciplinar (p. 165-190). São Leopoldo: Unisinos/FAPERGS.
Rugless, C. S. (1984). Lithogeochemistry of Wainaleka Cu–Zn volcanogenic deposit, Viti Levu, Fiji, and possible applications for exploration in tropical terrains. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 17, 563-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42268-2.50048-5
Schober, P., Boer, C., Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ ANE.0000000000002864
Teixeira, G., Gonzales, A. P., Gonzales, M. A., Licht, O. A. B. (1978a). Contribuição ao estudo de mineralizações cupríferas disseminadas no distrito Minas do Camaquã. XXX Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. Anais, 6, 1644-1654. Recife: SBG.
Teixeira, G., Gonzales, A. P., Gonzales, M. A., Licht, O. A. B. (1978b). Situação das Minas do Camaquã, Rio Grande do Sul. XXX Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. Anais, 6, 1893-1905. Recife: SBG.
Teixeira, G., Gonzalez, A. P. (1988). Minas do Camaquã, Município de Caçapava do Sul, RS. In: Schobbenhaus, C., Coelho, C. E. S. (Eds.), Principais Depósitos Minerais do Brasil (p. 33-41). Brasil: DNPM-CVRD.
Templ, M., Filzmoser, P., Hron, K. (2011). Analysis of compositional data using robust methods. The R-package robCompositons. In: Egozcue, J. J., Tolosana-Delgado, R., Ortego, M. I. (Eds.), Proceedings of CoDaWork’11: 4th international workshop on Compositional Data Analysis. Sant Feliu de Guíxols: CIMNE. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/2117/366682. Acesso em: 18 dez. 2023.
Templ, M., Filzmoser, P., Reimann, C. (2008). Cluster analysis applied to regional geochemical data: problems and possibilities. Applied Geochemistry, 23(8), 2198-2213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.03.004
Troian, G. C., Mexias, A. S., Gomes, M. E. B., Canarim, D., Patrier-Mas, P., Renac, C. (2009). Cloritização na Mina Uruguai, Minas do Camaquã, RS, Brasil. Pesquisas em Geociências, 37(3), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.22658
Ward, J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236-244. https://doi.org/10.2307/2282967
Wildner, W., Lima, E. F., Nardi, L. V. S., Sommer, C. A. (2002). Volcanic cycles and setting in the Neoproterozoic III to Ordovician Camaquã Basin succession in southern Brazil: characteristics of post-collisional magmatism. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 118(1-2), 261-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00259-7
Zuo, R., Xia, Q., Wang, H. (2013). Compositional data analysis in the study of integrated geochemical anomalies associated with mineralization. Applied Geochemistry, 28, 202-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.10.031
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 David Ramos Pereira, Moacir José Buenano Macambira, Samuel Bouças do Lago
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal shall comply with the following terms:
- Authors keep their copyright and grant to Geologia USP: Série Científica the right of first publication, with the paper under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license (summary of the license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 | full text of the license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode) that allows the non-commercial sharing of the paper and granting the proper copyrights of the first publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to take additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the paper published in this journal (publish in institutional repository or as a book chapter), granting the proper copyrights of first publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their paper online (in institutional repositories or their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, since this can generate productive changes as well as increase the impact and citation of the published paper (See The effect of Open Access and downloads on citation impact).
