Relative age effects on the performance of swimmers in brazilian national competitions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-4690.2024e38206662Keywords:
Age distribution, Athletic performance, Birth quartile, SwimmingAbstract
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of athletes born in different quartiles in swimming competitions organized by the Brazilian Confederation of Aquatic Sports (CBDA), as well as to verify possible differences in the frequency of athletes born in these quartiles. The sample consisted of 7561 swimmers’ birth dates, who were in the top eighth positions in competitions organized by the CBDA in the 2017-2020 quadrennium. Athletes were grouped by their birth quartile, by their competitive category in the CBDA in the year of the competition and by sex. In addition, their position in the competition was quantified in points (10 to 3 points), ten points for the 1st place, nine points for the 2nd place, and so on. Chi-square and Friedman tests, with post-hoc Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner, were used to compare birth frequency and performance in different quartiles, respectively, with significance of 5%. Differences were identified in the athletes' birth distribution, in the sample without gender separation and considering this grouping variable, in practically all categories and in the sample as a whole. Regarding performance, the difference between individuals born in different quartiles was more prevalent in the sample without gender consideration and for male athletes. With the results of the present study, it is possible to conclude that RAE, both in frequency and in performance, exist in almost all analyzed categories and that for men it is more frequent in Brazilian competitors.
Downloads
References
Maglischo EW. Nadando o mais rápido possível. São Paulo: Manole; 2010.
Barbosa TM, Morais JE, Marques MC, et al. The power output and sprinting performance of young swimmers. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:440-450.
Politko E, Shutieiev V. Determination of the most significant indicators of the preparedness of young men, representatives of various methods of swimming, which limit their sporting achievements. Slobozhanskyi Herald Sci Sport. 2019;7(3(71):33-37.
Vaeyens R, Lenoir M, Williams AM, et al. Talent identification and development programmes in sport: current models and future directions. Sports Med. 2008;38(9):703-714.
Andronikos G, Elumaro AI, Westbury T, et al. Relative age effect: implications for effective practice. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(12):1124-1131.
Fédération Internationale de Natation. Fina swimming rules; 2017.
Musch J, Grodin S. Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: a review of the relative age effect in sport. Dev Rev. 2001;21(2):147-167.
Cobley S, Baker J, Wattie N, et al. Annual age-grouping and athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):235-256.
Boccia G, Rainoldi A, Brustio PR. Relative age effect in males, but not females, undergraduate students of sport science. Sport Sci Health. 2017;13:349-353.
Kearney PE, Hayes PR. Excelling at youth level in competitive track and field athletics is not a prerequisite for later success. J Sports Sci. 2018;36:2502-2509.
Smith KL, Weir PL, Till K, et al. Relative age effects across and within female sport contexts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(6):1451-1478.
Lovell R, Towlson C, Parkin G, et al. Soccer player characteristics in English lower-league development programmes: the relationships between relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical fitness. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0137238.
Romann M, Cobley S. Relative age effects in athletic sprinting and corrective adjustments as a solution for their removal. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0122988.
Baker J, Janning C, Wong H, et al. Variations in relative age effects in individual sports: skiing, figure skating and gymnastics. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(Suppl. 1):S183-S190.
Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Crescimento, maturação e atividade física. São Paulo: Phorte; 2009.
Bacil EDA, Mazzardo Junior O, Rech CR, et al. Atividade física e maturação biológica: uma revisão sistemática. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2015;33(1):114-121.
Parma JO, Penna EM. O efeito da idade relativa no voleibol brasileiro de elite. J Phys Educ. 2018;29.
Till K, Cobley S, O’Hara J, et al. Considering maturation status and relative age in the longitudinal evaluation of junior rugby league players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(3):569-576.
Lorenzo-Calvo J, de la Rubia A, Mon-López D, et al. Prevalence and impact of the relative age effect on competition performance in swimming: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10561.
Côté J, Macdonald DJ, Baker J, et al. When “where” is more important than “when”: birthplace and birthdate effects on the achievement of sporting expertise. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(10):1065-1073.
Cobley S, Abbott S, Dogramaci S, et al. Transient relative age effects across annual age groups in National level Australian Swimming. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(8):839-845.
Cobley S, Abbott S, Eisenhuth J, et al. Removing relative age effects from youth swimming: the development and testing of corrective adjustment procedures. J Science Med Sport. 2019;22(6):735-740.
Brustio PR, Kearney PE, Lupo C, et al. Relative age influences performance of world-class track and field athletes even in adulthood. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1395.
Costa AM, Marques MC, Louro H, et al. The relative age effect among elite youth competitive swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;13(5):437-444.
Atar Ö, Özen G, Koc H. Analysis of relative age effects in muscular strength of adolescent swimmers. Pedagog Psychol Med -biol Probl Phys Train Sports. 2019;5:214-218.
Confederação Brasileira de Desportos Aquáticos. Informação dos atletas e resultados das competições. Disponível em: https://cbda.org.br/br/natacao/atletas.
Ferreira RM, Coelho EF, Morais AV, et al. The relative age effect in Olympic swimmers. Rev Port Ciênc Desporto. 2017;17(S2.A):104-114.
Nagy NA-E, Ökrös C, Sós C. Research on relative age in Hungarian Swimming. Phys Cult Sport Stud Res. 2015;68(1):5-13.
Abbott S, Moulds K, Salter J, et al. Testing the application of corrective adjustment procedures for removal of relative age effects in female youth swimming. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(10):1077-1084.
Marapen P, Lee JLF. The relative age effects among Malaysian age group swimmers. J Sports Sci Phys Educ. 2015;4(1):1-8.
Nagy N, Földesi G, Sós C, et al. Talent selection and management in view of relative age: the case of swimming. Phys Cult Sport Stud Res. 2018;80(1):57-67.
Costa OG, Coelho EF, Werneck FZ, et al. Efeito da idade relativa em nadadores participantes do mundial de esportes aquáticos Barcelona 2013. Conexões. 2015;13(2):83-97.
Abbott S, Hogan C, Castiglioni MT, et al. Maturity-related developmental inequalities in age-group swimming: the testing of 'Mat-CAPs' for their removal. J Sci Med Sport. 2021;24(4):397-404.
Born DP, Stäcker I, Romann M, et al. Competition age: does it matter for swimmers? BMC Res Notes. 2022;15:82.
Nevil AM, Negra Y, Myers TD, et al. Key somatic variables associated with, and differences between the 4 swimming strokes. J Sports Sci. 2020;38(7):787-794.
Kucia-Czyszczon K, Dybinska E, Ambrozy T, et al. Factors determining swimming efficiency observed in less skilled swimmers. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2013;15(4):115-124.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Brazilian journal of physical education and sport
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Todo o conteúdo da revista, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons (CC-BY)
How to Cite
Funding data
-
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Grant numbers 1
