Diabetes and covid-19: more than the sum of two morbidities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606//s1518-8787.2020054002577Palavras-chave:
Diabetes Mellitus.epidemiology, Coronavirus infections, complications, Comorbidity, Developing countriesResumo
The coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused a public health emergency worldwide. Risk, severity and mortality of the disease have been associated with non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Accumulated evidence has caused great concern in countries with high prevalence of this morbidity, such as Brazil. This text shows the picture of diabetes in Brazil, followed by epidemiological data and explanatory hypothesis for the association between diabetes and covid-19. We emphasized how the burden of these two morbidities in a middleincome country has aggravated this pandemic scenario. The comprehension of this association and biological plausibility may help face this pandemic and future challenges.
Referências
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 9. ed. Brussels (BEL); IDF; 2019.
Malerbi DA, Franco LJ. Multicenter study of the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the urban Brazilian population aged 30-69 yr. The Brazilian Cooperative Group on the Study of Diabetes Prevalence. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(11):1509-16. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.15.11.1509
Schmidt MI, Hoffmann JH, Diniz MFS, Lotufo PA, Griep RH, Bensenor IM, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and intermediate hyperglycemia – The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014;6:123. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-6-123
Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não Transmissíveis. VIGITEL Brasil 2018: Vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico: estimativas sobre frequência e distribuição sociodemográfica de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas nas capitais dos 26 estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal em 2018. Brasília, DF; 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 23]. Available from: https://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2019/julho/25/vigitelbrasil-2018.pdf
Viana LV, Leitão CB, Kramer CK, Zucatti ATN, Jezini DL, Felicio J, et al. Poor glycaemic control in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes attending the public healthcare system: a crosssectional study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(9):e003336. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003336
Stewart GL, Tambascia M, Rosas Guzman J, Etchegoyen F, Ortega Carrión J, Artemenko S. Control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among general practitioners in private practice in nine countries of Latin America. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2007;22(1):12-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892007000600002
Ministério da Saúde (BR), DATASUS. Informações de saúde – TABNET. Brasília, DF; s,d. [cited 2020 Apr 23]. Available from: http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php
Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Azevedo e Silva G, Menezes AM, Monteiro CA, Barreto, et al. Chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: burden and current challenges. Lancet. 2011;377(9781):1949-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60135-9
Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Eng J Med. 2020;382:1708-20. Chinese translation. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YB, Yan YQ, Akdis CA, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China [published online ahead of print 2020 Feb 19]. Allergy. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14238
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 24]. JAMA. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 24]. Lancet Respir Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2213-2600(20)30079-5
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-81. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5394
Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Hospitalized rates and characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVIDNET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(15);458-64. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3
Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa415
Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential effects of Coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: a review [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 27]. JAMA Cardiol. 2020. https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286
Yang JK, Jin JM, Liu S, Bai P, He W, Wu F, et al. Blood glucose is a representative of the clustered indicators of multi-organ injury for predicting mortality of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China [preprint]. medRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058040
Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):e 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8
Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Notas de esclarecimentos da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes sobre o coronavírus (COVID-190). São Paulo: SBD; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 23]. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org.br/publico/notas-de-esclarecimentos-da-sociedade-brasileira-dediabetes-sobre-o-coronavirus-covid-19
European Society of Cardiology. Position statement of the ESC Council in ACE-Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. Biot (FRA): ESC; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 23]. Available from: https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-on-Hypertension-(CHT)/News/position-statement-ofthe-esc-council-on-hypertension-on-ace-inhibitors-and-ang
Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Infecção pelo Coronavírus 2019: (COVID-19): nota de esclarecimento. SBC Informa (Rio de Janeiro). 13 Mar 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 23]. Available from: http://www.cardiol.br/sbcinforma/2020/20200313-comunicado-coronavirus.html