Handgrip strength, functional capacity and cognitive status of centenarians
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v29i3a195454Keywords:
Hand Strength, Sarcopenia, Frailty, Cognitive Aging, CentenariansAbstract
Objective: To compare and correlate handgrip strength (HGS) with functional capacity and cognitive status in centenarians. Method: This is a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 127 centenarians, of which 78 met the inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 101.7 ± 2.52 years. Cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and functional capacity using the Katz Scale. To investigate HGS, we used a manual dynamometer. The level of significance was 5%. Results: Centenarian men have higher right (p= 0.005) and left (p<0.001) HGS compared to women. About functional capacity, centenarians more functional present higher right and left HGS (p<0.001) when compared to intermediate and less functional. Furthermore, when analyzing cognition, centenarians with preserved cognitive status have higher right and left HGS (p<0.001) than cognitively impaired elderly. In the relationship analysis, it was possible to verify that the lower the MMSE score, the higher the right (rho= 0.59; p<0.001) and left (rho= 0.57; p<0.001) HGS. Furthermore, the lower the Katz Scale score, the higher the right (rho= -0.53; p<0.001) and left (rho= -0.57; p<0.001) HGS. Conclusion: Our results show that male centenarians, more functional and with preserved cognitive status have higher HGS in both hands. Moreover, we found a moderate negative relationship between HGS and functional capacity and a moderate positive relationship between HGS and cognitive status of centenarians.
Downloads
References
United Nations. Annual population by age groups – both sexes. New York: UN; c2019 [cited 2022 Mar 4]. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/default.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/wpp/Download/Standard/Population
Resende-Neto AG, Silva-Grigoletto ME, Marta SS, Cyrino ES. Treinamento funcional para idosos: uma breve revisão. Rev Bras Cien Mov. 2016;24(3):167-77.
Byrne C, Faure C, Keene DJ, Lamb SE. Ageing, muscle power and physical function: a systematic review and implications for pragmatic training interventions. Sports Med. 2016; 46:1311-32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0489-x
Kock KS, Bisetto A. Nível de independência, força de preensão manual e deambulação em idosos institucionalizados e idosos participantes de grupos de convivência. Rev Kairos. 2017;20 (3):113-30.
Clark BC. Neuromuscular Changes with Aging and Sarcopenia. J Frailty Aging. 2019;8(1):7-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2018.35
Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, et al. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(8):2019-52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003230
Aagaard P, Andersen JL, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Leffers AM, Wagner A, Magnusson SP, et al. A mechanism for increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training: changes in muscle architecture. J Physiol. 2001;534(Pt. 2):613-23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00613.x
Wang T, Wu Y, Li W, Li S, Sun Y, Li S, et al. Weak grip strength and cognition predict functional limitation in older europeans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(1):93-99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15611
Dodds RM, Syddall HE, Cooper R, Benzeval M, Deary IJ, Dennison EM et al. Grip strength across the life course: normative data from twelve British studies. PLoS One 2014;9(12):e113637. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113637
Tavares DMS, Oliveira NGN, Marchiori GF, Santos LLS. Redução da força de preensão manual entre idosos longevos. Acta Fisiátr. 2020;27(1):4-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v27i1a170815
Morishita T, Sato M, Katayama T, Sumida N, Omeae H, Satomud S, et al. Cut-off values for skeletal muscle strength and physical functions in Japanese elderly with walking difficulty. J Med Invest. 2021;68(1.2):48-52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.68.48
Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, Patel HP, Syddall H, Cooper C, et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):423-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afr051
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-23. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034
Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Mente A, Hystad P, et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):795-808. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32008-2
Bohannon RW. Grip strength: an indispensable biomarker for older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1681-91. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S194543
Frederiksen H, Hjelmborg J, Mortensen J, McGue M, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Age trajectories of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal data among 8,342 danes aged 46 to 102. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(7):554-62. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.10.006
Zanin C, Jorge MSE. Força de preensão palmar em idosos: uma revisão integrativa. PAJAR. 2018;6(1):22-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15448/2357-9641.2018.1.29339
Steiber N. Strong or weak handgrip? normative reference values for the german population across the life course stratified by sex, age, and body height. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0163917. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163917
Casas-Herrero A, Cadore EL, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Idoate F, Millor N, Martínez-Ramirez A, et al. Functional capacity, muscle fat infiltration, power output, and cognitive impairment in institutionalized frail oldest old. Rejuvenation Res. 2013;16(5):396-403. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2013.1438
Kim CR, Jeon YJ, Jeong T. Risk factors associated with low handgrip strength in the older Korean population. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214612. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214612
Gu D, Feng Q. Frailty still matters to health and survival in centenarians: the case of China. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:159. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0159-0
Mazo GZ. Protocol for multidimensional evaluation of the elderly centenarian. Florianópolis: UDESC/CEFID/LAGER; c2017 [cited 2022 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.cefid.udesc.br/arquivos/id_submenu/2017/protocolo_do_idoso_centenario_com_capa.pdf
Mazo GZ. Interviewer's handbook: application and analysis of the centennial elderly multidimensional assessment protocol. Florianópolis: UDESC/CEFID/LAGER; c2017 [cited 2022 Mar 4]. Available from: http://www.cefid.udesc.br/arquivos/id_submenu/2119/manual_do_centenario.pdf
Brucki SM, Nitrini R, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PH, Okamoto IH. Sugestões para o uso do mini-exame do estado mental no Brasil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003;61(3B):777-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2003000500014
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189-98. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
Lino VT, Pereira SR, Camacho LA, Ribeiro Filho ST, Buksman S. Adaptação transcultural da Escala de Independência em Atividades da Vida Diária (Escala de Katz). Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(1):103-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008000100010
Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. studies of illness in the aged. the index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA. 196321;185:914-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016
Rubenstein LZ, Wieland D, English P, Josephson K, Sayre JA, Abrass IB. The Sepulveda VA Geriatric Evaluation Unit: data on four-year outcomes and predictors of improved patient outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1984;32(7):503-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1984.tb02235.x
Richards LG, Olson B, Palmiter-Thomas P. How forearm position affects grip strength. Am J Occup Ther. 1996;50(2):133-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.50.2.133
Figueiredo I, Sampaio R, Mancini M, Silva FC, Souza MA. Teste de força de preensão utilizando o dinamômetro Jamar. Acta Fisiatr. 2007;14(2):104-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5935/0104-7795.20070002
Lenardt MH, Grden CRB, Souza JAV, Reche PM, Betiolli SE, Ribeiro DKMN. Fatores associados à diminuição de força de preensão manual em idosos longevos. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2014;48(8):1006-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420140000700007
Bez JP, Neri AL. Velocidade da marcha, força de preensão e saúde percebida em idosos: dados da rede FIBRA Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Cien Saude Colet. 2014;19(8):3343-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014198.09592013
Stessman J, Rottenberg Y, Fischer M, Hammerman-Rozenberg A, Jacobs JM. Handgrip strength in old and very old adults: mood, cognition, function, and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(3):526-32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14509
Vaz-Patto M, Bueno B, Ribeiro Ó, Teixeira L, Afonso RM. Association between handgrip strength, walking, age-related illnesses and cognitive status in a sample of Portuguese centenarians. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2017;14:9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-017-0178-2
Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(3):255-63. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/59.3.m255
Valenzuela PL, Castillo-García A, Morales JS, Izquierdo M, Serra-Rexach JA, Santos-Lozano A, Lucia A. Physical exercise in the oldest old. Compr Physiol. 2019;9(4):1281-1304. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c190002
Grden CRB, Lenardt MH, Sousa JAV, Kusomota L, Dellaroza MSG, Betiolli SE. Associations between frailty syndrome and sociodemographic characteristics in long-lived individuals of a community. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25:e2886. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1770.2886
Resende TIM, Meneguci J, Sasaki JE, Santos AS, Damião R. Comportamento sedentário e massa muscular reduzida em idosos: um estudo de base populacional. Mundo Saúde. 2017;41(4):588-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.20174104588596
Cadore EL, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Sinclair A, Izquierdo M. Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: a systematic review. Rejuvenation Res. 2013;16(2):105-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2012.1397
Gobbens RJ, Luijkx KG, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM. Towards an integral conceptual model of frailty. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14(3):175-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-010-0045-6
Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752-62. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9
Cadore EL, Casas-Herrero A, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Idoate F, Millor N, Gómez M, et al. Multicomponent exercises including muscle power training enhance muscle mass, power output, and functional outcomes in institutionalized frail nonagenarians. Age (Dordr). 2014;36(2):773-85. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9586-z
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Acta Fisiátrica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
