Homicide impunity in Brazil between 2006 and 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002284Keywords:
Homicide, legislation & jurisprudence, Violence, External Causes, Criminal Liability, Ecological StudiesAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the level and temporal trends of homicide impunity in Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological study that calculated two impunity indexes by dividing the total number of homicides committed in a 5-year period by the number of individuals arrested for murder (homicide impunity) or any other cause (general impunity) two years after this period. The Prais-Winsten linear regression model with serial autocorrelation correction was used to estimate the temporal trend of the impunity indexes. RESULTS: Between 2009 and 2014, 328,714 homicides were recorded in Brazil, but only 84,539 prisoners were serving sentences for this kind of crime in 2016. This shows that the number of homicides in Brazil exceeded in 244,175 the number of individuals in prisons for this crime. The impunity index ranged from 3.9 in 2006 to 3.3 in 2014. All states reached values above 1. Rio de Janeiro stood out negatively, with values above 20. São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Distrito Federal showed the lowest impunity indexes for homicide, with values below 2. Eight states showed a downward trend in the overall impunity index. CONCLUSIONS: Most Brazilian states presented extremely high impunity indexes values. However, from 2010 to 2012, Brazilian society started to effectively combat impunity for serious violent crimes, including homicide. In São Paulo, this positive trend arose in the mid-1990s and that state currently shows impunity indexes values similar to those of developed countries.
References
Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Atlas da Violência 2018. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA; 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 8]. Available from: http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33410&Itemid=432
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global Study on Homicide 2013: trends, contexts, data. Vienna (AT): UNODC; 2014 [cited 2017 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf
Marvell TB, Moody CE. The impact of prison growth on homicide. Homicide Stud. 1997;1(3):205-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767997001003002
Nadanovsky P, Cunha-Cruz J. The relative contribution of income inequality and imprisonment to the variation in homicide rates among developed (OECD), South and Central American countries. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(9):1343-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.013
Pinker S. The better angels of our nature: why violence has declined. New York: Penguin; 2011.
Mendes SM, McDonald MD. Putting severity of punishment back in the deterrence package. Policy Stud J. 2001;29(4):588-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2001.tb02112.x
Levitt SD. Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: four factors that explain the decline and six that do not. J Econ Perspect. 2004;18(1):163-90. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533004773563485
Nagin DS. Criminal deterrence research at the outset of the twenty-first century. Crime Justice. 1998 [cited 2017 Sep 10];23:1-42. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1147539
Spelman W. What recent studies do (and don’t) tell us about imprisonment and
crime. Crime Justice. 2000 [cited 2018 Dec 21];27:419-94. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1147668
Nadanovsky P, Celeste RK, Wilson M, Daly M. Homicide and impunity: an ecological analysis at state level in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43(5):733-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102009000500001
Nadanovsky P. O aumento no encarceramento e a redução nos homicídios em São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1996 e 2005. Cad Saude Publica. 2009;25(8):1859-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000800022
Le Clerq Ortega JA, Sánchez Lara GR, coordinadores. IGI 2017 - Índice Global de Impunidad 2017. Dimensiones de la impunidad global. Puebla (MEX): Universidad de las Américas Puebla; 2017 [cited 2018 Dec 21]. Available from: https://www.udlap.mx/cesij/files/IGI-2017_esp.pdf
Adorno S, Pasinato W. A justiça no tempo, o tempo da justiça. Tempo Soc. 2007;19(2):131-55.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-20702007000200005
Daly M, Wilson M. Homicide. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1988.
Trivers RL. The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. Q Rev Biol. 1971;46(1):35–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/406755
Brasil. Art. 121 do Código Penal. Decreto Lei nº 2.848 de 7 de dezembro de 1940 [cited 2019 Jan 8]. Available from: http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/topicos/10625629/artigo-121-do-decreto-lein-2848-de-07-de-dezembro-de-1940
Antunes JLF, Cardoso MRA. Uso da análise de séries temporais em estudos epidemiológicos. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2015;24(3):565-76. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742015000300024
Ministério da Saúde (BR), Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resolução nº 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012. Brasília, DF; 2012 [cited 2018 May 20]. Available from: https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/res_cns_466.2012_-_revoga_196.pdf
Ministério da Saúde (BR), Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resolução nº 510, de 7 de abril de 2016. Dispõe sobre as normas aplicáveis a pesquisas em Ciências Humanas e Sociais cujos procedimentos metodológicos envolvam a utilização de dados diretamente obtidos com os participantes ou de informações identificáveis ou que possam acarretar riscos maiores do que os existentes na vida cotidiana, na forma definida nesta Resolução. Brasília, DF; 2016 [cited 2018 May 20]. Available from: https://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2016/Reso510.pdf
Monitor da Violência. As mortes violentas mês a mês no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Globo.com-G1; 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 15]. Available from: https://especiais.g1.globo.com/monitor-daviolencia/2018/mortes-violentas-no-brasil/
Nunes MG, Langeani B, Trecenti J, Pollachi N. O processamento de homicídios no Brasil e a Estratégia Nacional de Justiça e Segurança Pública em três estados: Alagoas, Santa Catarina e São Paulo. São Paulo: Sou da Paz; 2016 [cited 2019 Jun 15]. Available from: http://soudapaz.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/o_processamento_de_homicidios_no_brasil.pdf
Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Criminal Police Office. Police Crime Statistics: report 2016: abrigded version. Wiesbaden (DE); 2017 [cited 2018 Dec 12]. Available from: https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Publications/PoliceCrimeStatistics/2016/pks2016_englisch.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2
Murder Accountability Project. Clearance Rates. Uniform crime report for homicides: 1965-2018. s.L.; 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 8]. Available from: http://www.murderdata.org/p/blogpage.html
Conselho Nacional do Ministério Pública (BR), Estratégia Nacional de Justiça e Segurança Pública- ENASP. Relatório Nacional da Execução da Meta 2: A impunidade como alvo: diagnóstico da investigação de homicídios no Brasil. Brasília, DF: CNMP; 2012 [cited 2019 Jun 17]. Available from: http://www.cnmp.mp.br/portal/images/stories/Enasp/relatorio_enasp_FINAL.pdf
Conselho Nacional do Ministério Público (BR). Inqueritômetro. Brasília, DF; 2016 [cited 2019 Jun 17]. Available from: https://inqueritometro.cnmp.mp.br/inqueritometro/home.seam
Rocha D. Somente 3,5% dos assassinatos cometidos em Fortaleza em 2017 foram julgados. Tribuna do Ceará. 30 mar 2018 [cited 2019 Jun 17]. Available from:
Paiva LFS. À espera de respostas: reflexões sobre o trabalho da Justiça Criminal. Dilemas. 2009 [cited 2019 Jun 17];4(2):49-82. Available from: https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/dilemas/article/view/7164
Ribeiro L. A produção decisória do sistema de justiça criminal para o crime de homicídio: análise dos dados do estado de São Paulo entre 1991 e 1998. Dados. 2010;53(1):159-94. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582010000100006
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista de Saúde Pública
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
