Neoconservatism in the United States of America: Irving Kristol's ideas and political experience in the Ronald Reagan administration (1981-1989)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9141.rh.2021.167180Keywords:
Neoconservatism, United States of America, Irving Kristol, Ronald Reagan, WelfareAbstract
Neoconservatism is a phenomenon. In the late 1960s, the United States of America (USA) and the world took the first steps towards a systemic, persistent and widespread crisis. In this context, Irving Kristol and a group of intellectuals began to generate a set of ideas to solve the dilemmas that the crisis imposed on the USA. In the early 1970s, Kristol and her colleagues formed a mature ideology, known as neoconservatism. Soon, they became known as neoconservatives or necons. A few years later, neocons and neoconservatism arrived at the White House as protagonists in the Ronald Reagan presidency (1981 - 1989). Since then, they have been hanging around the White House, either in the Oval Office or in the backyard. This article is the result of research that sought to examine the neoconservatism as a phenomenon. In the next pages this article will present Kristol’s reflections and the process of shaping neoconservatism as a perception of the world. And it will analyze the Reagan administration’s experience with neoconservatism as a political project.
Downloads
References
CAMPAGNA, Anthony. The economy in the Reagan years: the economic consequences of the Reagan Administration. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994.
CAMPAGNA, Anthony. The economic consequences of the Vietnam War. New York: Praeger, 1991.
EHRMAN, John. The Rise of Neoconservatism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
GOODHEART, Eugene. The deradicalized intellectuals. The Nation, New York, v. 212, n. 8, p. 177-180, fev, 1971.
HARRINGTON, Michael. A Outra América: pobreza nos Estados Unidos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Civilização Brasileira, 1964
HARRINGTON, Michael. The Welfare State and Its Neoconservative Critics. Dissent Magazine, Philadelphia, v. 20, n. 4, p. 435-454, set, 1973.
KATZ, Michael. In the Shadow of the poorhouse: a social history of welfare in America. New York: Basic Books, 1996.
MAYER, Jeremy. Running on race: racial politics in presidential campaigns 1960-2000. New York. Random House, 2002.
MCCORMICK, Thomas Joseph. America’s Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995
POWERS, Richard Gid. Norman Podhoretz and the Cold War. In. FRIEDMAN, Murray (ed). Commentary in American Life. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005.
STEINFELS, Peter. The neoconservatives: the origins of a movement. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013.
VAISSE, Justin. Neoconservatism: the biography of a movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
WILENTZ, Sean. The age of Reagan. New York: Harper Perennial, 2009.
Fontes
CENTER ON BUDGET AND POLICY PRIORITIES. Falling behind: a report on how blacks have feared under Reagan. Journal of black studies, Vol. 17, Nº2. Dec 1986.
KIRK, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Santayana. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1953.
KIRKPATRICK, Jeane. Dictatorship and double standards. Commentary Magazine, New York, v. 68, n. 5, p. 34-45, nov, 1979.
KIRKPATRICK, Jeane. U.S. security & Latin America. Commentary Magazine, New York, v. 71, n. 1, p. 29-40, jan, 1981.
KRISTOL, Irving. The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
KRISTOL, Irving. Neo-conservatism: the autobiography of an idea. New York: Free Press, 1995.
MOYNIHAM, Daniel Patrick. The United States in opposition. Commentary Magazine, New York, v. 59, n. 3, p. 31-44, mar, 1975.
PODHORETZ, Norman. The present danger: Do we have the will to reverse the decline of American power? New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980.
REAGAN, Ronald. Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Program for Economic Recovery. 18 Fev. 1981. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/21881a>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. Remarks in Denver, Colorado, at the Annual Convention of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 29 Jun. 1981. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/62981a>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. Remarks in an Interview With Managing Editors on Domestic Issues. 03 Dec. 1981. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/120381e>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. Remarks at a “Salute to a Stronger America” Republican Fundraising Dinner in Houston, Texas. 13 Nov. 1981. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/111381e>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. Remarks at the Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association in Atlanta, Georgia. 01 Ago. 1983. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/sspeeches/80183a>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. Remarks on Signing the Bill Making the Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., a National Holiday. 02 Nov. 1983. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/110283a>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union. 06 Fev. 1985. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/20685e>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REGAN, Ronald. Remarks at the Conservative Political Action Conference Luncheon. 20 Fev. 1987. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/022087b>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. Radio Address to the Nation on Welfare Reform. 07 Fev. 1987. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/020787a>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
REAGAN, Ronald. 1988 Legislative and Administrative Message: A Union of Individuals. 25 Jan. 1988. Disponível em: <https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/012588e>. Acesso em 27 Fev. 2020.
U.S. GOVERNMENT. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate: Ninety-Seventh Congress first session on the nomination of Jeane J. Kirkpatrick to be representative to the United Nations. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981.
U.S. GOVERNMENT. 99th Congress. Public Law 99-514, de 22 de outubro de 1986. Washington: U.S. Government Information, 1986.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Revista de História
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (CC BY). Esta licença permite que outros distribuam, remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho, mesmo para fins comerciais, desde que lhe atribuam o devido crédito pela criação original. É a licença mais flexível de todas as licenças disponíveis. É recomendada para maximizar a disseminação e uso dos materiais licenciados.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
