The World Health Organization Legal Regimes and the Shaping of Nigeria’s Health Law and Policy
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.rdisan.2023.180926Mots-clés :
Health, Human Rights, Nigeria, World Health OrganizationRésumé
Global health governance concerns the collective responses needed within the public health community to effectively tackle the shared challenges arising in an increasingly connected world. It is a truism that promoting a robust health infrastructure is critical to the attainment of good health and wellbeing. Yet the legal infrastructure – the laws and policies that empower and obligate as well as limit government and private action concerning health, has been neglected in the mainstream literature. This is because health infrastructure has focused more on physical structures of public health agencies such as clinics, hospitals and the human resources that operate them. The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which the World Health Organization legal regimes such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2003) and the Revised International Health Regulations, have impacted on health law and policy in Nigeria. It posits that the various conventions and regulations adopted, which were subsequently ratified and declared applicable to Nigeria, had been domesticated. However, the lack of respect for the rule of law has stymied the maximisation of the expected benefits from such legal regimes. It concludes that the World Health Organization should develop a programme for public health law capacity-building and policy surveillance to ensure continuous and organised efforts to assist member states including Nigeria to strengthen their legal infrastructure.
##plugins.themes.default.displayStats.downloads##
Références
ADEMUSON, Enitan. Ports Health Services, Nigeria. Paper presented at the second ICAO CAPSA Global Coordination meeting and CAPSA – Africa second steering committee and Third regional Regional Aviation Medicine and Public Health Team Meetings Abuja Nigeria, 10-13 Oct. 2011. Available at: www.capsa.org/Meetings/Global2011/CAPSAGlobal2-9.pdf. Accessed on: July 20, 2019.
ANAEMENE, Benjamin Uchenna. From inaction to action: the World Health Organisation and Tobacco control policies in Nigeria since 1970. Journal of Retracing Africa: v. 3, n. 1, p. 43-58, Dec. 2016. Available at: https://encompass.eku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=jora.
ANUFORO, E. Exclusive breastfeed campaign heightens. The Guardian, Aug. 16, 2013.
BABY-FRIENDLY Initiative. Available at: www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ibfhi/en/index.html Accessed on: 13 July 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/food-and-nutrition-actions-in-health-systems/ten-steps-to-successful-breastfeeding.
BAPTISTE, J. P. Framework Convention on tobacco control: a significant response to non-communicable disease prevention and control. African Health Monitor, p. 20-23, Jan./June 2008. Available at: https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2023/05/1256358/framework-convention-on-tobacco-control-a-significant-response_FcVysoL.pdf.
CORRUPT Nigerian government wants $44 billion from multinational tobacco companies. Nigerian Times, Nov. 8, 2007. Available at: http://nigeriantimes.blogspot.com/2007/11/corrupt-nigerian-government-wants-44.html.
EBOLA outbreak: Nigeria declares national emergency. BBC News, Aug., 9, 2014. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28715939. Accessed on: 19 July, 2023.
ECONOMIC impact of tobacco use on employees. Tobacco Economics, April 2019. Available at: http//:www.mayoclinichealthsituationsolution.com/product/Tobacco-quitline-economicimpact.cf. Accessed on: June 15, 2019.
ENABULELE, O. Nigeria’s National Health Act 2014: a review of some of its implications and challenges. Annals of Biomedical Sciences, v 16, n. 2, p. 243-259, 2017. Available at: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/abs/article/view/160385. Accessed on: May 31, 2023.
FIDLER, David P. Comments on WHO’s Interim Draft of the revised International Health Regulations. In: GOSTIN, Lawrence (Ed.). Public law and ethics: a reader. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
FIDLER, David P. International law and global public health. University of Kansas Law Review, v. 48, n. 1, p. 1-58, 1999. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1655&context=facpub.
GLOBAL Health Watch Staff. Global Health Watch 2. an alternative world health report. London: Zed Books, 2008.
GLOBAL strategy for infant and young child feeding 2002 Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241562218.
GOSTIN, Lawrence. Global health law health in a global community in public health law: power, duty, restraint. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
MARKS-SULTAN, Géraldineet al. National Health Law: a role for WHO in capacity building and promoting transparency. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, v. 94, p. 534-539, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.164749.
NIGERIA. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Available at: http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
NIGERIA. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Marketing (Breast-milk Substitutes) Act Chapter M5. The Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Justice, v. 8, 2004.
NIGERIA. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Marketing of infant and young children food and other designated products (Registration, sales, Etc). Regulations: Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette - Lagos, v. 93, n. 30, v. 93, p. B73-81, 2nd May 2006. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control Act 1993 (as Amended). Available at: https://gazettes.africa/archive/ng/2006/ng-government-gazette-dated-2006-05-02-no-30.pdf. Accessed on: May 31, 2023.
NIGERIA. Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Health Act, 2014. Official Gazette, n. 145, Lagos, 27th Oct. 2014. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/104157/126947/F-693610255/NGA104157.pdf. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
NIGERIA. Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Policy on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Nigeria. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health, Nutrition Division, 2005a. Available at: http://www.iycn.org/files/National-Policy-on-Infant-and-Young-Child-Feeding-in-Nigeria.pdf. Accessed on: May 31, 2023.
NIGERIA. Federal Ministry of Health. National Policy on Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR). Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health. 2005b.
NIGERIA. Federal Republic of Nigeria. National Tobacco Control Act, 2015. Official Gazette, June 10, 2015. Available at: https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Nigeria/Nigeria-TCA-national.pdf. Accessed on: 20 May 2023.
NIGERIA. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Quarantine Act. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, Cap.Q2. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Justice, 2004a.
NIGERIA. Tobacco Smoking (Control) Act. 1990. Available at: https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Nigeria/Nigeria-Ch.-T6-Tobacco-Smoking-Control-Act-national.pdf. Accessed on: May 20, 2023.
RIEDEL, E. The human right to health: conceptual foundations. In: FREEMAN, Michael; HAWKES, Sarah; BENNETT, Belinda (Eds.). Law and global health: current legal issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
SHARPE, Walter R. The new World Health Organisation. American Journal of International Law, v. 41, n. 3, p. 509-530, July 1947.
TAYLOR, Allyn L. Making the World Health Organisation Work: a legal framework for universal access to the condition of health. American Journal of Law and Medicine, v.18, n. 4, p. 301-349, 1992.
THE FISCAL impact of a comprehensive tobacco control programme in Ontario. Toronto-ON: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Special Report Series, Dec. 2003. Available at: https://www.otru.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/special_fiscal_impact.pdf.
THE HEALTH, Economic and Social Menace of Smoking: Time for Concerted Action. Available at: http://www.codewit.com/diet-and-nutrition/131-Nigeria. Accessed on: April 25, 2019.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN EDUCATION FUND – UNICEF. Implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes, 2011. Available at: www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/state-of –the-code-by-country.April2011.pdf. Accessed on: Aug. 20, 2019.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN EDUCATION FUND – UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre. 1990 - 2005 Celebrating the Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding, Nov. 2005. Available at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/1990-2005-gb.pdf. Accessed on: August 08, 2023.
WORLD BANK. Curbing the epidemic governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington-DC: World Bank, 1999. Available at: https://documents.worldbank.org/pt/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/914041468176678949/curbing-the-epidemic-governments-and-the-economics-of-tobacco-control.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Assessment Report on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Nigeria, 2008. Available at http://www.who.int Accessed on: 15 May 2019.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Constitution of theWorld Health Organization. [1946]. Available at: https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed on: May 20, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Declaration of Alma-Ata. International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 Sept. 1978. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/almaata-declaration-en.pdf?sfvrsn=7b3c2167_2. Accessed on: May 31, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Fifty-First World Health Assembly. Geneva, 11-16 May 1988. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258896/WHA51-1998-REC-1-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed on: May 31, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1981. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241541601. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. International Health Regulations. Third edition. 2005. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241580496. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION – WHO. International Health Regulations and Framework Convention on Tobacco Control – FCTC. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control overview. 21 May 2003. Available at: https://fctc.who.int/who-fctc/overview.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION – WHO. Tobacco Control [s.d.]. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/tobacco-control. Accessed on: August 08, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. World Health Assembly - WHA.Fifty-Second World Health Assembly. Geneva, 17-25 May 1999. Resolutions and decisions annexes. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/260179/WHA52-1999-REC1-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed on: May 20, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. World Health Assembly - WHA.Fourth World Health Assembly. Geneva, 7 to 25 May 1951: resolutions and decisions: plenary meetings verbatim records: committees minutes and reports: annexes. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85614. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. World Health Assembly - WHA. Resolution WHA 1.36. Official Records of the World Health Assembly Resolutions and Decisions, 1948.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. World Health Assembly - WHA.Seventh World Health Assembly, Geneva, 4 to 21 May 1954: resolutions and decisions: plenary meetings: verbatim records: committees: minutes and reports: annexes. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85654. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. World Health Assembly - WHA.Thirty-ninthWorld Health Assembly.Geneva, 5-16 May 1986.Resolutions and decisions annexes. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/162252/WHA39_1986-REC-1_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. World Health Assembly - WHA.Twenty-second World Health Assembly. Boston, Massachusetts, 8-25 July 1969: part I: resolutions and decisions: annexes.Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85816. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. World Health Assembly - WHA.Twenty-fourth World Health Assembly. Geneva, 4-20 May 1971: Part I: resolutions and decisions: annexes.Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/85833. Accessed on: July 19, 2023.
YACH, Derek. The origin, development, effects, and future of the WHO Framework Convention on tobacco control: a personal perspective. The Lancet, p. 1-9, May 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62155-8.
YACH, Derek. Tobacco control. In: KOOP, C. Everett; PEARSON, Clarence E.; SCHWARZ, M. Roy (Eds.). Critical issues in global health. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2002. p. 162-170.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Copyright Journal of Health Law 2023
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.
A publicação adota a licença Creative Commons “Atribuição-4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0). Esta licença permite: "compartilhar — copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato; adaptar — remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial." Mais informações sobre a licença podem ser encontradas em: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.pt
Ao submeter trabalhos para publicação na Revista de Direito Sanitário, os autores aceitam os termos desta licença e concordam em ceder os direitos autorais para a publicação.
Os autores também concordam com o compromisso da publicação em oferecer acesso aberto a todo o seu conteúdo.
